Publications related to Urine diversion

Fate of parasites and viruses in calcium hydroxide-treated urine in relation to temperature and moisture content

Human urine can be used as fertilizer and technologies, such as alkaline-urine treatment, are being developed to enable easier re-use. There is, however, a risk of pathogens being present in the urine. This hygiene assessment examined inactivation of three ...

2022

Health risks for sanitation service workers along a container-based urine collection system and resource recovery value chain

Tamar Kohn, Simon Schindelholz, Timothy R. Julian

Container-based sanitation (CBS) within a comprehensive service system value chain offers a low-cost sanitation option with potential for revenue generation, but may increase microbial health risks to sanitation service workers. This study assessed occupat ...

2019

Thomson scattering measurements in the divertor region of the TCV Tokamak plasmas

Basil Duval, Ivo Furno, Patrick Blanchard, Xavier Llobet, Joan Decker, Yanis Andrebe, Pierre Lavanchy, Riccardo Agnello, Steve Couturier, Severino Antonioni, Jonathan Sylvain Masur, Blaise Marlétaz, Pierre-François Isoz

In order to better study conventional and alternative divertor configurations, the TCV Tokamak was recently upgraded. In-vessel graphite baffles were installed in the TCV chamber to delimit a separate divertor chamber from the core that required enhanced d ...

2019

Reaction extents: A Divide-and-Conquer Approach for Kinetic Model Identification

Dominique Bonvin, Julien Léo Billeter

Obtaining reliable wastewater treatment process models is critical for the application of model-based design, operation, and automation. For example, Masic et al. (2014) explored the use of an observer designed for nonlinear processes to estimate nitrite i ...

2017

Identification of the inactivating factors and mechanisms exerted on MS2 coliphage in concentrated synthetic urine

Tamar Kohn, Loïc Decrey

Volume reduction (condensation) is a key for the practical usage of human urine as a fertilizer because it enables the saving of storage space and the reduction of transportation cost. However, concentrated urine may carry infectious disease risks resultin ...

Elsevier2017

Solar photo-Fenton and UV/H2O2 processes against the antidepressant Venlafaxine in urban wastewaters and human urine. Intermediates formation and biodegradability assessment

Hubert Girault, César Pulgarin, Dominique Grandjean, Luiz Felippe De Alencastro, Stefanos Giannakis, Milica Jovic, Idriss Hendaoui

In this work, the use of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) against the degradation of an emerging contaminant has been subjected under systematic investigation. The optimization of treatment of the anti- depressant drug Venlafaxine (VFA) was performed, u ...

Elsevier Science Sa2017

Bacteria inactivation during the drying of struvite fertilizers produced from stored urine

Tamar Kohn, Loïc Decrey, Simon Schindelholz, Manfred Schoger, Kai Udert

Human urine can be processed into market-attractive fertilizers like struvite; however, concerns regarding the microbial safety of such products remain. The present study evaluated the inactivation of in situ heterotrophs, total bacteria as observed by flo ...

Amer Chemical Soc2016

Technologies for the treatment of source-separated urine in the eThekwini Municipality

Tamar Kohn, Linda Strande, Kai Udert, Bastian Etter

In recent years, a large number of urine-diverting dehydration toilets (UDDTs) have been installed in eThekwini to ensure access to adequate sanitation. The initial purpose of these toilets was to facilitate faeces drying, while the urine was diverted into ...

2015

Pathogens and pharmaceuticals in source-separated urine in eThekwini, South Africa

Tamar Kohn, Linda Strande, Kai Udert, Christa McArdell

In eThekwini, South Africa, the production of agricultural fertilizers from human urine collected from urine-diverting dry toilets is being evaluated at a municipality scale as a way to help finance a decentralized, dry sanitation system. The present study ...

Elsevier2015

Virus inactivation mechanisms in human urine and fecal sludge

Loïc Decrey

Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions are among the most significant health interventions addressing the worldwide burden of diarrheal disease and environmental enteropathy. Sanitizing human excreta and animal manure (HEAM) is a critical step in redu ...

EPFL2015

Ammonia as an in-situ sanitizer: inactivation kinetics and mechanisms of the ssRNA virus MS2 by NH3

Tamar Kohn, Loïc Decrey, Shinobu Kazama, Kai Udert

Sanitizing human and animal waste (e.g., urine, fecal sludge or grey water) is a critical step in reducing the spread of disease and ensuring microbially safe reuse of waste materials. Viruses are particularly persistent pathogens and can be transmitted th ...

2015

Inactivation kinetics and mechanisms of viral and bacterial pathogen surrogates during urine nitrification

Tamar Kohn, Ariane Schertenleib, Kai Udert

This paper assesses the inactivation performance and mechanisms in urine nitrification reactors using bacteria and bacteriophages as surrogates for human pathogens. Two parallel continuous-flow moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) were operated over a two-m ...

Royal Soc Chemistry2015

TCV heating and in-vessel upgrades for addressing DEMO physics issues

Ambrogio Fasoli

TCV is presently undergoing major heating upgrades, installing a neutral beam for direct ion heating and increasing the electron cyclotron(EC) power injected in X-mode at the third harmonic(X3). The neutral beam is under construction at BINP-Plasma LLC(Rus ...

IOP Publishing Ltd2015

Effects of carbonate on the electrolytic removal of ammonia and urea from urine with thermally prepared IrO2 electrodes

Christos Comninellis, Agnieszka Kapalka, Véronique Amstutz, Kai Udert

Recent studies have shown that electrolysis can be an efficient process for nitrogen removal from urine. These studies have been conducted with urea solutions or fresh urine, but urine collected in NoMix toilets and urinals has a substantially different co ...

Springer Netherlands2012

Fate of the pathogen indicators phage phiX174 and Ascaris suum eggs during the production of struvite fertilizer from source-separated urine

Tamar Kohn, Brian Pecson, Loïc Decrey, Kai Udert

Human urine has the potential to be a sustainable, locally and continuously available source of nutrients for agriculture. Phosphate can be efficiently recovered from human urine in the form of the mineral struvite (MgNH4PO4•6H2O). However, struvite format ...

Elsevier2011

Real-life efficiency of urine source separation

Luca Rossi

Urine source separation (NoMix technology) is a promising innovation in wastewater management. To improve and further develop NoMix technology, it has been implemented in four Swiss households and at our research institute (Eawag). We conducted measurement ...

Elsevier2009

Organic pollutants in compost and digestate. Part 1. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and molecular markers

Joseph Tarradellas, Rahel Christine Brändli, Reinhard Furrer

In Europe, 9.3 x 10(6) t(dry weight ( dw)) of compost and digestate are produced per year. Most of this is applied to agricultural land, which can lead to considerable inputs of organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB) and polycyclic ar ...

Royal Society of Chemistry2007

Organic pollutants in Swiss compost and digestate

Rahel Christine Brändli

Composting (aerobic treatment of organic wastes) and digestion (anaerobic treatment of organic wastes combined with biogas production) are important waste management strategies with increasing significance in the European Union and Switzerland. Most of the ...

EPFL2006