Explores probiotic technology, postbiotics, and microbial health, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a healthy microbiome and the impact of postbiotics on immune modulation.
Explores the immune system's protection levels, antibodies' structure and production, vaccines' history and components, and materials in immune engineering.
Explores the functions of innate immunity, including defense mechanisms, cooperation with adaptive immunity, and activation of the adaptive immune system.
Explores methods of microbial control, including heat, radiation, filtration, pasteurization, and antibiotics, as well as the challenges of antimicrobial resistance.
