Concept
Traditional rank amongst European royalty, peers, and nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Although they vary over time and among geographic regions (for example, one region's prince might be equal to another's grand duke), the following is a reasonably comprehensive list that provides information on both general ranks and specific differences. Distinction should be made between reigning (or formerly reigning) families and the nobility – the latter being a social class subject to and created by the former. The feudal system was a social and economic system that dominated Europe during the Middle Ages. Under this system, land was granted to nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military service to the monarch. These nobles were given titles such as Baron, Earl, and Duke, which were passed down through the male line of the family. Barons were the lowest rank of nobility and were granted small parcels of land. Earls were the next highest rank and were responsible for larger territories. Dukes were the highest rank of nobility and were responsible for the largest territories, known as duchies. The monarch was the ultimate authority and was able to grant and revoke titles as they saw fit. In the 14th century, the peerage began to emerge as a separate entity from the feudal system. The peerage consisted of those who held titles granted by the monarch, but who did not necessarily hold any land or have any feudal responsibilities. The peerage was divided into five ranks; from highest to lowest, these are: Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, and Baron. The peerage system became more formalized over time. By the 18th century, peerages were no longer granted as a reward for military service, but instead were granted as a way to recognize social status and political influence. There are two types of peerages in England: hereditary and life peerages. Hereditary peerages are those that are passed down through the male line of the family. Life peerages, on the other hand, are granted to an individual for their lifetime only and do not pass down to their heirs.