Height above mean sea level

Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as orthometric heights. The quantity is called "metres above mean sea level" in the metric system, while in United States customary and imperial units it would be called "feet above mean sea level". Mean sea levels are affected by climate change and other factors and change over time. For this and other reasons, recorded measurements of elevation above sea level at a reference time in history might differ from the actual elevation of a given location over sea level at a given moment. Metres above sea level is internationally the standard measurement of the elevation or altitude of: Geographic locations such as towns, mountains and other landmarks. The top of buildings and other structures. Flying objects such as airplanes or helicopters in China and below Transition Altitude (or TA) in Russia and many CIS member countries. The elevation or altitude in metres above sea level of a location, object, or point can be determined in a number of ways. The most common include: Global Navigation Satellite System (like GPS), where a receiver determines a location from pseudoranges to multiple satellites. A geoid is needed to convert the 3D position to sea-level elevation. Altimeter, that measures atmospheric pressure, which decreases as altitude increases. As atmospheric pressure changes with the weather too, a recent local measure of the pressure at a known altitude is needed to calibrate the altimeter. Stereoscopy in aerial photography. Aerial lidar and satellite laser altimetry. Aerial or satellite radar altimetry. Surveying, especially levelling. Accurate measurement of historical mean sea levels is complex. Land mass subsidence (as occurs naturally in some regions) can give the appearance of rising sea levels. Conversely, markings on land masses that are uplifted due to geological processes can suggest a lowering of mean sea level.