Lecture
This lecture delves into the historical aspects of participation, tracing its roots back to the United Nations in 1955 as synonymous with community development. It explores the shift from top-down approaches to bottom-up community initiatives, emphasizing the importance of inclusive participatory processes in urban governance. The instructor discusses practical key concepts for successful participation, such as creating multidisciplinary expert groups, connecting with existing organizations, and using intensive case study methodologies. Criticisms and examples are also presented, highlighting the complexities and challenges of institutionalized participation.