Explores Earth's energy balance, including solar radiation interaction with the atmosphere and surface, blackbody radiation, and atmospheric processes.
Covers the Earth's climate system components, interactions, and energy balance, including the impact of anthropogenic forcings and the role of the biosphere.
Explores radiative heat transfer through surface properties like emissivity, absorptivity, reflectivity, and transmissivity, emphasizing their significance in heat transfer applications.
Explores emissivity, absorptivity, and reflectivity of surfaces, including spectral and directional properties, laws of reciprocity, and practical examples.
Explores the emission of thermal radiation, covering mechanisms, electromagnetic radiation, temperature relationship, spatial distribution, and black-body radiation.
Explores snow energy balance principles, mechanisms, radiation, and terrestrial energy exchange, emphasizing the importance of precise snow thermodynamics knowledge.
