Publication

Skin lightening products' violations in Europe: An analysis of the rapid alert system for dangerous non-food products 2005-2018

Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos
2019
Journal Articles

Abstract

Background: Skin lightening products containing dangerous levels of chemicals pose a serious health concern for consumers. However, to date, the extent of these products in Europe has not been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to determine whether harmful skin lightening products are available for sale in Europe and what violations exist regarding their composition.

Official source

https://infoscience.epfl.ch/entities/publication/0f001769-e7a4-4cac-972f-c5f3763ae54e

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Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos
2019
Journal Articles

Abstract

Official source

https://infoscience.epfl.ch/entities/publication/0f001769-e7a4-4cac-972f-c5f3763ae54e

About this result

Related concepts (18)

Human skin color

Human skin color ranges from the darkest brown to the lightest hues. Differences in skin color among individuals is caused by variation in pigmentation, which is the result of genetics (inherited from one's biological parents and or individual gene alleles), exposure to the sun, natural and sexual selection, or all of these. Differences across populations evolved through natural selection or sexual selection, because of social norms and differences in environment, as well as regulations of the biochemical effects of ultraviolet radiation penetrating the skin.

Discrimination based on skin color

Discrimination based on skin color, also known as colourism, or shadeism, is a form of prejudice and discrimination in which people of certain ethnic groups or people who are perceived as belonging to a darker skinned race are treated differently based on their darker skin color. Although less historically significant, prejudice can also be applied towards lighter-skinned people, which is known as reverse colourism.

Skin whitening

Skin whitening, also known as skin lightening and skin bleaching, is the practice of using chemical substances in an attempt to lighten the skin or provide an even skin color by reducing the melanin concentration in the skin. Several chemicals have been shown to be effective in skin whitening, while some have proven to be toxic or have questionable safety profiles. This includes mercury compounds which may cause neurological problems and kidney problems. In a number of African countries, between 25 and 80% of women regularly use skin whitening products.

Related publications (5)

Microbiological contamination of cosmetic products - observations from Europe, 2005-2018

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Background Although cosmetic products are not expected to be fully aseptic, their potential microbiological contamination might be dangerous, especially for immunocompromised patients. The extent of such contamination of cosmetics in Europe is poorly studi ...

2019

What impacts skin color in digital photos?

Stefan Winkler, Albrecht Johannes Lindner

Skin colors are important for a broad range of imaging applications to assure quality and naturalness. We discuss the impact of various metadata on skin colors in images, i.e. how does the presence of a metadata attribute influence the expected skin color ...

2014

Effect of wellbore storage and finite thickness skin on flow to a partially penetrating well in a phreatic aquifer

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An analytical model is presented for the analysis of constant flux tests conducted in a phreatic aquifer having a partially penetrating well with a finite thickness skin. The solution is derived in the Laplace transform domain for the drawdown in the pumpi ...

2008