Publication
The thesis work was motivated by the goal of developing personalized speech-to-speech translation and focused on one of its key component techniques – cross-lingual speaker adaptation for text-to-speech synthesis. A personalized speech-to-speech translator enables a person’s spoken input to be translated into spoken output in another language while maintaining his/her voice identity. Before addressing any technical issues, work in this thesis set out to understand human perception of speaker identity. Listening tests were conducted in order to determine whether people could differentiate between speakers when they spoke different languages. The results demonstrated that differentiating between speakers across languages was an achievable task. However, it was difficult for listeners to differentiate between speakers across both languages and speech types (original recordings versus synthesized samples). The underlying challenge in cross-lingual speaker adaptation is how to apply speaker adaptation techniques when the language of adaptation data is different from that of synthesis models. The main body of the thesis work was devoted to the analysis and improvement of HMM state mapping-based cross-lingual speaker adaptation. Firstly, the effect of unsupervised cross-lingual adaptation was investigated, as it relates to the application scenario of personalized speech-to-speech translation. The comparison of paired supervised and unsupervised systems shows that the performance of unsupervised cross-lingual speaker adaptation is comparable to that of the supervised fashion, even if the average phoneme error rate of the unsupervised systems is around 75%. Then the effect of the language mismatch between synthesis models and adaptation data was investigated. The mismatch is found to transfer undesirable language information from adaptation data to synthesis models, thereby limiting the effectiveness of generating multiple regression class-specific transforms, using larger quantities of adaptation data and estimating adaptation transforms iteratively. Thirdly, in order to tackle the problems caused by the language mismatch, a data-driven adaptation framework using phonological knowledge is proposed. Its basic idea is to group HMM states according to phonological knowledge in a data-driven manner and then to map each state to a phonologically consistent counterpart in a different language. This framework is also applied to regression class tree construction for transform estimation. It is found that the proposed framework alleviates the negative effect of the language mismatch and gives consistent improvement compared to previous state-of-the-art approaches. Finally, a two-layer hierarchical transformation framework is developed, where one layer captures speaker characteristics and the other compensates for the language mismatch. The most appropriate means to construct the hierarchical arrangement of transforms was investigated in an initial study. While e