Artificial gene synthesisArtificial gene synthesis, or simply gene synthesis, refers to a group of methods that are used in synthetic biology to construct and assemble genes from nucleotides de novo. Unlike DNA synthesis in living cells, artificial gene synthesis does not require template DNA, allowing virtually any DNA sequence to be synthesized in the laboratory. It comprises two main steps, the first of which is solid-phase DNA synthesis, sometimes known as DNA printing. This produces oligonucleotide fragments that are generally under 200 base pairs.
Hybridization probeIn molecular biology, a hybridization probe (HP) is a fragment of DNA or RNA of usually 15–10000 nucleotide long which can be radioactively or fluorescently labeled. HP can be used to detect the presence of nucleotide sequences in analyzed RNA or DNA that are complementary to the sequence in the probe. The labeled probe is first denatured (by heating or under alkaline conditions such as exposure to sodium hydroxide) into single stranded DNA (ssDNA) and then hybridized to the target ssDNA (Southern blotting) or RNA (northern blotting) immobilized on a membrane or in situ.
Vector (molecular biology)In molecular cloning, a vector is any particle (e.g., plasmids, cosmids, Lambda phages) used as a vehicle to artificially carry a foreign nucleic sequence – usually DNA – into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed. A vector containing foreign DNA is termed recombinant DNA. The four major types of vectors are plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Of these, the most commonly used vectors are plasmids. Common to all engineered vectors are an origin of replication, a multicloning site, and a selectable marker.
Restriction digestA restriction digest is a procedure used in molecular biology to prepare DNA for analysis or other processing. It is sometimes termed DNA fragmentation, though this term is used for other procedures as well. In a restriction digest, DNA molecules are cleaved at specific restriction sites of 4-12 nucleotides in length by use of restriction enzymes which recognize these sequences. The resulting digested DNA is very often selectively amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), making it more suitable for analytical techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis, and chromatography.
Souris knock-outLes souris knock-out sont des souris domestiques (Mus musculus) qui ont été génétiquement modifiées pour inactiver un ou plusieurs gènes dans les cellules souches embryonnaires dont elles sont issues. Ces cellules souches étant pluripotentes, elles sont donc toutes initialement identiques mais une fois réimplantées dans un blastocyste, peuvent former l'ensemble des types cellulaires d'une souris qui porteront alors la mutation introduite. Il faut distinguer le knock-out d'une simple recherche de mutants.
Cloning vectorA cloning vector is a small piece of DNA that can be stably maintained in an organism, and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes. The cloning vector may be DNA taken from a virus, the cell of a higher organism, or it may be the plasmid of a bacterium. The vector contains features that allow for the convenient insertion of a DNA fragment into the vector or its removal from the vector, for example through the presence of restriction sites.
TransgèneUn transgène est la séquence isolée d'un gène, transférée d'un organisme à un autre, lors de la mise en œuvre de la transgenèse. Cette modification peut altérer le comportement génétique de l'organisme (p. ex. production d'une nouvelle protéine). En agronomie, on parle de gène d’intérêt permettant de faire exprimer à un organisme un caractère choisi ; par exemple, on peut chercher à rendre une plante résistante à un antibiotique ou à augmenter sa teneur en vitamines.
Mutagénèse dirigéeLa mutagénèse dirigée est l'induction d'une ou plusieurs mutations dans un génome, de façon précise et volontaire. Cette méthode est employée pour modifier les structures de l'ADN, l'ARN et des protéines. Cette technique de biologie moléculaire a été mise au point par Michael Smith en 1978. Apparemment, l’idée de la mutagénèse dirigée lui serait venue au cours d’une conversation avec Clyde Hutchison en 1976 à l’institut de Cambridge en Angleterre, alors qu’il travaillait sur la préparation d’oligonucléotides pour purifier des fragments d’ADN.
Blue–white screenThe blue–white screen is a screening technique that allows for the rapid and convenient detection of recombinant bacteria in vector-based molecular cloning experiments. This method of screening is usually performed using a suitable bacterial strain, but other organisms such as yeast may also be used. DNA of transformation is ligated into a vector. The vector is then inserted into a competent host cell viable for transformation, which are then grown in the presence of X-gal.
Library (biology)In molecular biology, a library is a collection of DNA fragments that is stored and propagated in a population of micro-organisms through the process of molecular cloning. There are different types of DNA libraries, including cDNA libraries (formed from reverse-transcribed RNA), genomic libraries (formed from genomic DNA) and randomized mutant libraries (formed by de novo gene synthesis where alternative nucleotides or codons are incorporated).
Selectable markerA selectable marker is a gene introduced into a cell, especially a bacterium or to cells in culture, that confers a trait suitable for artificial selection. They are a type of reporter gene used in laboratory microbiology, molecular biology, and genetic engineering to indicate the success of a transfection or other procedure meant to introduce foreign DNA into a cell. Selectable markers are often antibiotic resistance genes (An antibiotic resistance marker is a gene that produces a protein that provides cells expressing this protein with resistance to an antibiotic.
Enzyme de restrictionthumb|L'enzyme de restriction EcoRV (en vert) avec son substrat : l'ADN. Une enzyme de restriction est une protéine capable de couper un fragment d'ADN au niveau d'une séquence de nucléotides caractéristique appelée site de restriction. Chaque enzyme de restriction reconnaît ainsi un site spécifique. Plusieurs centaines d'enzymes de restriction sont actuellement connues. Naturellement présentes chez un grand nombre d'espèces de bactéries, ces enzymes sont devenues des outils importants en génie génétique.
TransfectionOn appelle transfection le processus de transfert de gènes, c'est-à-dire l'introduction de matériel génétique exogène dans des cellules eucaryotes, n’utilisant pas comme vecteur un virus, par opposition à la transduction. À noter que le terme « transfection » est assez analogue au processus de transformation bactérien, mais ce terme n'a pas été appliqué aux cellules animales, du fait de son association à un phénotype altéré et une croissance anarchique (en clair, d'un stade précancéreux).
Sticky and blunt endsDNA ends refer to the properties of the ends of linear DNA molecules, which in molecular biology are described as "sticky" or "blunt" based on the shape of the complementary strands at the terminus. In sticky ends, one strand is longer than the other (typically by at least a few nucleotides), such that the longer strand has bases which are left unpaired. In blunt ends, both strands are of equal length – i.e. they end at the same base position, leaving no unpaired bases on either strand.
Ligation (molecular biology)Ligation is the joining of two nucleic acid fragments through the action of an enzyme. It is an essential laboratory procedure in the molecular cloning of DNA, whereby DNA fragments are joined to create recombinant DNA molecules (such as when a foreign DNA fragment is inserted into a plasmid). The ends of DNA fragments are joined by the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the 3'-hydroxyl of one DNA terminus with the 5'-phosphoryl of another. RNA may also be ligated similarly.
Expression vectorAn expression vector, otherwise known as an expression construct, is usually a plasmid or virus designed for gene expression in cells. The vector is used to introduce a specific gene into a target cell, and can commandeer the cell's mechanism for protein synthesis to produce the protein encoded by the gene. Expression vectors are the basic tools in biotechnology for the production of proteins. The vector is engineered to contain regulatory sequences that act as enhancer and promoter regions and lead to efficient transcription of the gene carried on the expression vector.
Polymorphisme de longueur des fragments de restrictionEn biologie moléculaire, le polymorphisme de longueur des fragments de restriction (ou RFLP, de l'anglais restriction fragment length polymorphism) est utilisé dans deux sens : comme une caractéristique des molécules d'ADN permettant de les distinguer les unes des autres, comme la technique de laboratoire qui utilise cette caractéristique pour différencier ou comparer des molécules d'ADN. Cette technique est utilisée pour la réalisation d'empreintes génétiques et dans les tests de paternité.
NucléaseA nuclease (also archaically known as nucleodepolymerase or polynucleotidase) is an enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides of nucleic acids. Nucleases variously effect single and double stranded breaks in their target molecules. In living organisms, they are essential machinery for many aspects of DNA repair. Defects in certain nucleases can cause genetic instability or immunodeficiency. Nucleases are also extensively used in molecular cloning.
Southern blotLe Southern blot ou southern blot (également appelé transfert d'ADN ou buvardage de Southern) est une méthode de biologie moléculaire permettant l'analyse de l'ADN. Elle a été inventée en 1975 par Edwin Southern, un professeur britannique de biologie moléculaire. C'est ce nom (Southern blot) qui a, par jeu de mots, inspiré l'appellation d'autres techniques : western blot, northern blot et far-eastern blot. Nous partons des fragments d'ADN obtenus par les enzymes de restriction.
Kanamycine ALa kanamycine A, souvent simplement appelée kanamycine, est un antibiotique. Il est utilisé pour traiter les infections bactériennes graves et la tuberculose . Elle n'est pas un traitement de première intention , elle est utilisée par voie orale, par injection dans une veine ou par injection dans un muscle . La kanamycine est recommandée pour une utilisation à court terme uniquement, généralement de 7 à 10 jours. Comme la plupart des antibiotiques, il est inefficace dans les infections virales .
