Théorie du prototypeEn sciences cognitives, la théorie du prototype est un modèle de catégorisation graduelle, dans lequel certains membres de la catégorie sont considérés comme plus représentatifs que d’autres, par exemple, lorsqu’on demande de fournir un exemple du concept de « meuble », le terme « chaise » est plus fréquemment cité que, par exemple, « tabouret ». Le terme de prototype a été proposé par Eleanor Rosch en 1973 dans son étude intitulée Natural Categories (Catégories Naturelles).
Schéma (psychologie cognitive)En psychologie cognitive, les schémas sont des représentations mentales abstraites qui résument de façon structurée des événements, des objets, des situations ou des expériences semblables. Les schémas, stockés en mémoire à long terme, permettent d'analyser, de sélectionner, de structurer et d'interpréter des informations nouvelles. Ils servent donc en quelque sorte de modèle, de cadre (pour reprendre l'expression équivalente utilisée en intelligence artificielle) pour traiter l'information et diriger les comportements.
NeurophénoménologieLa neurophénoménologie est le nom donné à un programme de recherche scientifique dont l’objectif est de répondre au problème difficile de la conscience de manière pragmatique. La neurophénoménologie combine les neurosciences et la phénoménologie pour étudier l’expérience, l’esprit et la conscience. Elle met l'accent sur la cognition incarnée. La neurophénoménologie est un domaine lié à la neuropsychologie, la neuroanthropologie, les neurosciences comportementales et l’étude de la phénoménologie en psychologie.
Cognition motriceLe concept de cognition motrice traduit l'idée que la cognition se traduit essentiellement dans l'action, et que le système moteur pyramidal participe donc à ce qui est habituellement considéré comme des processus cognitifs, y compris ceux impliqués dans les interactions sociales. Dans le paradigme de la cognition motrice, l'entité centrale est l'action, définie comme : une suite de mouvements, produits à travers un « objectif moteur » spécifique, pour répondre à une intention, ou en réaction à un événement significatif survenant dans l'environnement physique ou social.
Common coding theoryCommon coding theory is a cognitive psychology theory describing how perceptual representations (e.g. of things we can see and hear) and motor representations (e.g. of hand actions) are linked. The theory claims that there is a shared representation (a common code) for both perception and action. More important, seeing an event activates the action associated with that event, and performing an action activates the associated perceptual event.
Révolution cognitivisteLa révolution cognitiviste ou révolution cognitive, d'après une expression d'Howard Gardner (1993), désigne le mouvement scientifique qui, né à la fin des , a donné naissance aux sciences cognitives. La Révolution Cognitive fait aussi référence, biologiquement, au saut évolutif du cerveau des premiers humains modernes il y a environ , qui a permis à l’Homo Sapiens, qui n’était alors qu’une espèce sans importance, d’évoluer avec des capacités cognitives et de communiquer à un niveau inédit du langage dans le règne animal.
Motor theory of speech perceptionThe motor theory of speech perception is the hypothesis that people perceive spoken words by identifying the vocal tract gestures with which they are pronounced rather than by identifying the sound patterns that speech generates. It originally claimed that speech perception is done through a specialized module that is innate and human-specific. Though the idea of a module has been qualified in more recent versions of the theory, the idea remains that the role of the speech motor system is not only to produce speech articulations but also to detect them.
Action-specific perceptionAction-specific perception, or perception-action, is a psychological theory that people perceive their environment and events within it in terms of their ability to act. This theory hence suggests that a person's capability to carry out a particular task affects how they perceive the different aspects and methods involved in that task. For example, softball players who are hitting better see the ball as bigger. Tennis players see the ball as moving slower when they successfully return the ball.
Cognitive biologyCognitive biology is an emerging science that regards natural cognition as a biological function. It is based on the theoretical assumption that every organism—whether a single cell or multicellular—is continually engaged in systematic acts of cognition coupled with intentional behaviors, i.e., a sensory-motor coupling. That is to say, if an organism can sense stimuli in its environment and respond accordingly, it is cognitive.
Conceptual blendingIn cognitive linguistics, conceptual blending, also called conceptual integration or view application, is a theory of cognition developed by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner. According to this theory, elements and vital relations from diverse scenarios are "blended" in a subconscious process, which is assumed to be ubiquitous to everyday thought and language. Much like memetics, it is an attempt to create a unitary account of the cultural transmission of ideas.
Embodied cognitive scienceEmbodied cognitive science is an interdisciplinary field of research, the aim of which is to explain the mechanisms underlying intelligent behavior. It comprises three main methodologies: the modeling of psychological and biological systems in a holistic manner that considers the mind and body as a single entity; the formation of a common set of general principles of intelligent behavior; and the experimental use of robotic agents in controlled environments.
ÉnactionLa notion d'énaction est une façon de concevoir la cognition qui met l'accent sur la manière dont les organismes et esprits humains s'organisent eux-mêmes en interaction avec l'environnement. L'approche théorique de la cognition selon la notion d'énaction, nommée , fut proposée par Gregory Bateson, Humberto Maturana, Francisco Varela, Evan Thompson, et Eleanor Rosch. Elle est proche de la cognition située et de la cognition incarnée et est conçue comme une alternative au cognitivisme, au computationnalisme et au dualisme de Descartes.
Conceptual metaphorIn cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor, or cognitive metaphor, refers to the understanding of one idea, or conceptual domain, in terms of another. An example of this is the understanding of quantity in terms of directionality (e.g. "the price of peace is rising") or the understanding of time in terms of money (e.g. "I spent time at work today"). A conceptual domain can be any mental organization of human experience.
Embodied embedded cognitionEmbodied embedded cognition (EEC) is a philosophical theoretical position in cognitive science, closely related to situated cognition, embodied cognition, embodied cognitive science and dynamical systems theory. The theory states that intelligent behaviour emerges from the interplay between brain, body and world. The world is not just the 'play-ground' on which the brain is acting. Rather, brain, body and world are equally important factors in the explanation of how particular intelligent behaviours come about in practice.
Situated cognitionSituated cognition is a theory that posits that knowing is inseparable from doing by arguing that all knowledge is situated in activity bound to social, cultural and physical contexts. Situativity theorists suggest a model of knowledge and learning that requires thinking on the fly rather than the storage and retrieval of conceptual knowledge. In essence, cognition cannot be separated from the context. Instead knowing exists, in situ, inseparable from context, activity, people, culture, and language.
Psychologie écologiqueLa psychologie écologique est une approche proposée par James J. Gibson centrée sur la relation entre l'animal et son environnement. En , le neuropsychiatre français Boris Cyrulnik publie « Des âmes et des saisons, psycho-écologie ». Il y reprend la notion de psychologie écologique, science à la croisée de l’éthologie, de la géographie humaine et de la psychologie. Ou comment un milieu impacte l’homme dans ses activités et sa psyché. James J. Gibson Edward S.
Neurosciences cognitivesLes neurosciences cognitives sont le domaine de recherche dans lequel sont étudiés les mécanismes neurobiologiques qui sous-tendent la cognition (perception, motricité, langage, mémoire, raisonnement, émotions...). C'est une branche des sciences cognitives qui fait appel pour une large part aux neurosciences, à la neuropsychologie, à la psychologie cognitive, à l' ainsi qu'à la modélisation.
ExternalismExternalism is a group of positions in the philosophy of mind which argues that the conscious mind is not only the result of what is going on inside the nervous system (or the brain), but also what occurs or exists outside the subject. It is contrasted with internalism which holds that the mind emerges from neural activity alone. Externalism is a belief that the mind is not just the brain or functions of the brain. There are different versions of externalism based on different beliefs about what the mind is taken to be.
Extended mind thesisIn philosophy of mind, the extended mind thesis (EMT) says that the mind does not exclusively reside in the brain or even the body, but extends into the physical world. The EMT proposes that some objects in the external environment can be part of a cognitive process and in that way function as extensions of the mind itself. Examples of such objects are written calculations, a diary, or a PC; in general, it concerns objects that store information. The EMT considers the mind to encompass every level of cognition, including the physical level.
Intrapersonal communicationIntrapersonal communication is communication with oneself or self-to-self communication. Examples are thinking to oneself "I'll do better next time" after having made a mistake or having an imaginary conversation with one's boss because one intends to leave work early. It is often understood as an exchange of messages in which the sender and the receiver is the same person. Some theorists use a wider definition that goes beyond message-based accounts and focuses on the role of meaning and making sense of things.
