Schubert varietyIn algebraic geometry, a Schubert variety is a certain subvariety of a Grassmannian, usually with singular points. Like a Grassmannian, it is a kind of moduli space, whose points correspond to certain kinds of subspaces V, specified using linear algebra, inside a fixed vector subspace W. Here W may be a vector space over an arbitrary field, though most commonly over the complex numbers.
Variété complèteEn mathématiques, en particulier en géométrie algébrique, une variété algébrique complète est une variété algébrique X, telle que pour toute variété Y le morphisme de projection est une application fermée (c'est-à-dire qu'elle envoie les fermés sur des fermés). Cela peut être vu comme un analogue de la compacité en géométrie algébrique : en effet, un espace topologique X est compact si et seulement si l'application de projection ci-dessus est fermée par rapport aux produits topologiques.
Iitaka dimensionIn algebraic geometry, the Iitaka dimension of a line bundle L on an algebraic variety X is the dimension of the image of the rational map to projective space determined by L. This is 1 less than the dimension of the section ring of L The Iitaka dimension of L is always less than or equal to the dimension of X. If L is not effective, then its Iitaka dimension is usually defined to be or simply said to be negative (some early references define it to be −1).
Stack (mathematics)In mathematics a stack or 2-sheaf is, roughly speaking, a sheaf that takes values in categories rather than sets. Stacks are used to formalise some of the main constructions of descent theory, and to construct fine moduli stacks when fine moduli spaces do not exist. Descent theory is concerned with generalisations of situations where isomorphic, compatible geometrical objects (such as vector bundles on topological spaces) can be "glued together" within a restriction of the topological basis.
Quasi-projective varietyIn mathematics, a quasi-projective variety in algebraic geometry is a locally closed subset of a projective variety, i.e., the intersection inside some projective space of a Zariski-open and a Zariski-closed subset. A similar definition is used in scheme theory, where a quasi-projective scheme is a locally closed subscheme of some projective space. An affine space is a Zariski-open subset of a projective space, and since any closed affine subset can be expressed as an intersection of the projective completion and the affine space embedded in the projective space, this implies that any affine variety is quasiprojective.
Corps à un élémentEn mathématiques, et plus précisément en géométrie algébrique, le corps à un élément est le nom donné de manière quelque peu fantaisiste à un objet qui se comporterait comme un corps fini à un seul élément, si un tel corps pouvait exister. Cet objet est noté F1, ou parfois Fun. L'idée est qu'il devrait être possible de construire des théories dans lesquelles les ensembles et les lois de composition (qui constituent les bases de l'algèbre générale) seraient remplacés par d'autres objets plus flexibles.
Zariski's main theoremIn algebraic geometry, Zariski's main theorem, proved by , is a statement about the structure of birational morphisms stating roughly that there is only one branch at any normal point of a variety. It is the special case of Zariski's connectedness theorem when the two varieties are birational. Zariski's main theorem can be stated in several ways which at first sight seem to be quite different, but are in fact deeply related.
Twisted cubicIn mathematics, a twisted cubic is a smooth, rational curve C of degree three in projective 3-space P3. It is a fundamental example of a skew curve. It is essentially unique, up to projective transformation (the twisted cubic, therefore). In algebraic geometry, the twisted cubic is a simple example of a projective variety that is not linear or a hypersurface, in fact not a complete intersection. It is the three-dimensional case of the rational normal curve, and is the of a Veronese map of degree three on the projective line.
Geometric invariant theoryIn mathematics, geometric invariant theory (or GIT) is a method for constructing quotients by group actions in algebraic geometry, used to construct moduli spaces. It was developed by David Mumford in 1965, using ideas from the paper in classical invariant theory. Geometric invariant theory studies an action of a group G on an algebraic variety (or scheme) X and provides techniques for forming the 'quotient' of X by G as a scheme with reasonable properties.
Diviseur (géométrie algébrique)En mathématiques, plus précisément en géométrie algébrique, les diviseurs sont une généralisation des sous-variétés de codimension 1 de variétés algébriques ; deux généralisations différentes sont d'un usage commun : les diviseurs de Weil et les diviseurs de Cartier. Les deux concepts coïncident dans les cas des variétés non singulières. En géométrie algébrique, comme en géométrie analytique complexe, ou en géométrie arithmétique, les diviseurs forment un groupe qui permet de saisir la nature d'un schéma (une variété algébrique, une surface de Riemann, un anneau de Dedekind.
Éclatement (mathématiques)En mathématiques, un éclatement est un type d'application birationnelle entre ou algébriques qui est un isomorphisme en dehors de sous-variétés propres Le cas le plus simple est celui où D est un point ; E est alors un diviseur isomorphe à un espace projectif. L'éclatement de l'origine dans s'obtient de la façon suivante. Soit Pn – 1 l'espace projectif de dimension n – 1 muni de coordonnées . Soit le sous-ensemble de Cn × Pn – 1 défini par les équations pour i, j = 1, ..., n.
Kodaira dimensionIn algebraic geometry, the Kodaira dimension κ(X) measures the size of the canonical model of a projective variety X. Igor Shafarevich in a seminar introduced an important numerical invariant of surfaces with the notation κ. Shigeru Iitaka extended it and defined the Kodaira dimension for higher dimensional varieties (under the name of canonical dimension), and later named it after Kunihiko Kodaira. The canonical bundle of a smooth algebraic variety X of dimension n over a field is the line bundle of n-forms, which is the nth exterior power of the cotangent bundle of X.
Stable vector bundleIn mathematics, a stable vector bundle is a (holomorphic or algebraic) vector bundle that is stable in the sense of geometric invariant theory. Any holomorphic vector bundle may be built from stable ones using Harder–Narasimhan filtration. Stable bundles were defined by David Mumford in and later built upon by David Gieseker, Fedor Bogomolov, Thomas Bridgeland and many others. One of the motivations for analyzing stable vector bundles is their nice behavior in families.
Morphisme de type finiEn géométrie algébrique, un morphisme de type fini peut être pensé comme une famille de variétés algébriques paramétrée par un schéma de base. C'est un des types de morphismes les plus couramment étudiés. Soit un morphisme de schémas. On dit que est de type fini si pour tout ouvert affine de , est quasi-compact (i.e. réunion finie d'ouverts affines) et que pour tout ouvert affine contenu dans , le morphisme canonique est de type fini.
Quasi-finite morphismIn algebraic geometry, a branch of mathematics, a morphism f : X → Y of schemes is quasi-finite if it is of finite type and satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions: Every point x of X is isolated in its fiber f−1(f(x)). In other words, every fiber is a discrete (hence finite) set. For every point x of X, the scheme f−1(f(x)) = X ×YSpec κ(f(x)) is a finite κ(f(x)) scheme. (Here κ(p) is the residue field at a point p.) For every point x of X, is finitely generated over .
ProjectivizationIn mathematics, projectivization is a procedure which associates with a non-zero vector space V a projective space , whose elements are one-dimensional subspaces of V. More generally, any subset S of V closed under scalar multiplication defines a subset of formed by the lines contained in S and is called the projectivization of S. Projectivization is a special case of the factorization by a group action: the projective space is the quotient of the open set V{0} of nonzero vectors by the action of the multiplicative group of the base field by scalar transformations.
Partie constructibleEn géométrie algébrique, la notion de partie constructible généralise les parties ouvertes, fermées et même localement fermées. Les ensembles constructibles ont été introduits par Claude Chevalley, et présentent l'avantage d'être d'une manipulation plus souple. Par exemple l'image d'un constructible par un morphisme de présentation finie est constructible, alors ce n'est pas vrai pour les parties ouvertes ou fermées.
Surface of general typeIn algebraic geometry, a surface of general type is an algebraic surface with Kodaira dimension 2. Because of Chow's theorem any compact complex manifold of dimension 2 and with Kodaira dimension 2 will actually be an algebraic surface, and in some sense most surfaces are in this class. Gieseker showed that there is a coarse moduli scheme for surfaces of general type; this means that for any fixed values of the Chern numbers there is a quasi-projective scheme classifying the surfaces of general type with those Chern numbers.
Homogeneous coordinate ringIn algebraic geometry, the homogeneous coordinate ring R of an algebraic variety V given as a subvariety of projective space of a given dimension N is by definition the quotient ring R = K[X0, X1, X2, ..., XN] / I where I is the homogeneous ideal defining V, K is the algebraically closed field over which V is defined, and K[X0, X1, X2, ..., XN] is the polynomial ring in N + 1 variables Xi. The polynomial ring is therefore the homogeneous coordinate ring of the projective space itself, and the variables are the homogeneous coordinates, for a given choice of basis (in the vector space underlying the projective space).
Morphism of algebraic varietiesIn algebraic geometry, a morphism between algebraic varieties is a function between the varieties that is given locally by polynomials. It is also called a regular map. A morphism from an algebraic variety to the affine line is also called a regular function. A regular map whose inverse is also regular is called biregular, and the biregular maps are the isomorphisms of algebraic varieties.
