Élections au Royaume-UniIl existe quatre types d’élections au Royaume-Uni : les élections générales, les élections des Parlements et Assemblées dévolues, les élections locales et les élections municipales. Ces élections se tiennent en général un jeudi (Election Day). Traditionnellement, le système britannique est le bipartisme, c'est-à-dire une alternance plus ou moins régulière entre deux partis de bord politique opposé ; les deux partis principaux sont le Parti travailliste (Labour Party) et le Parti conservateur et unioniste (Conservative and Unionist Party) - plus couramment dénommé Parti conservateur (Conservative Party).
Semi-proportional representationSemi-proportional representation characterizes multi-winner electoral systems which allow representation of minorities, but are not intended to reflect the strength of the competing political forces in close proportion to the votes they receive. Semi-proportional voting systems can be regarded as compromises between forms of proportional representation such as party-list PR, and plurality/majoritarian systems such as first-past-the-post voting. Examples of semi-proportional systems include the single non-transferable vote, limited voting, and parallel voting.
Scrutin majoritaireLe scrutin majoritaire est un système électoral caractérisé par la victoire du ou des candidats qui obtiennent le plus de suffrages, et qui exclut ou limite la représentation des candidats minoritaires. Le scrutin majoritaire peut prendre différentes formes : il peut notamment être uninominal ou plurinominal, comporter un ou plusieurs tours de scrutin, et permettre ou non le classement des candidats. Il s'oppose au scrutin proportionnel, mais il peut également se combiner avec lui pour former un système mixte.
Dual-member proportional representationDual-member proportional representation (DMP), also known as dual-member mixed proportional, is an electoral system designed to produce proportional election results across a region by electing two representatives in each of the region’s districts. The first seat in every district is awarded to the candidate who receives the most votes, similar to first-past-the-post voting (FPTP). The second seat is awarded to one of the remaining district candidates so that proportionality is achieved across the region, using a calculation that aims to award parties their seats in the districts where they had their strongest performances.
Mixed single voteThe mixed single vote (MSV) or positive vote transfer system (PVT) is a mixed-member electoral system, where voters cast a single vote in an election, which used both for electing a local candidate and as a vote for a party affiliated with that candidate according to the rules of the electoral system. Unlike the more widespread mixed proportional and mixed majoritarian systems (such as parallel voting) where voters cast two votes, split-ticket voting is either not possible or not allowed in MSV.
Alternative vote plusThe alternative vote plus (AV+), or alternative vote top-up, is a semi-proportional voting system. AV+ was devised by the 1998 Jenkins Commission which first proposed the idea as a system that could be used for elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. As the name suggests, AV+ is an additional member system which works in two parts: the 'AV' part and the 'plus' part. As in the alternative vote system, candidates are ranked numerically in order of preference.
Scrutin majoritaire plurinominalLe scrutin majoritaire plurinominal est un système électoral dans lequel plusieurs personnes sont élues au cours d'un même scrutin (scrutin plurinominal) et où les candidats ayant obtenu le plus de voix sont élus (scrutin majoritaire). Il s'oppose au scrutin uninominal, dans lequel une seule personne est élue, et au scrutin proportionnel de liste, dans lequel les sièges sont répartis entre les listes proportionnellement au nombre de voix obtenues.
Mixed-member majoritarian representationMixed member majoritarian representation (MMM) is type of a mixed electoral system combining majoritarian and proportional methods, where the disproportional results of the majoritarian side of the system prevail over the proportional component. Mixed member majoritarian systems are therefore also as a type of semi-proportional representation, and are usually contrasted with mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) which aims to provide proportional representation via additional compensation ("top-up") seats.
Élections en AllemagneLes élections en Allemagne se déroulent au niveau fédéral pour le Bundestag et le Parlement européen, au niveau des Länder pour les Landtags et au niveau local. Système électoral allemand Liste des législatures allemandes Élections européennes de 1979 en Allemagne de l'Ouest Élections européennes de 1984 en Allemagne de l'Ouest Élections européennes de 1989 en Allemagne de l'Ouest Élections européennes de 1994 en Allemagne Élections européennes de 1999 en Allemagne Élections européennes de 2004 en Allemagn
Additional-member systemThe additional-member system (AMS) is a mixed electoral system under which most representatives are elected in single-member districts (SMDs), and the other "additional members" are elected to make the seat distribution in the chamber more proportional to the way votes are cast for party lists. It is distinct from parallel voting (also known as the supplementary member system) in that the "additional member" seats are awarded to parties taking into account seats won in SMDs (referred to as compensation or "top-up"), which is not done under parallel voting (a non-compensatory method).
Party-list systemA party-list system is a type of electoral system that formally involves political parties in the electoral process, usually to facilitate multi-winner elections. In party-list systems, parties put forward a list of candidates, the party-list who stand for election on one ticket. Voters can usually vote directly for the party-list, but in other systems voters may vote for directly individuals candidates within or across party lists (such systems are referred to as open list and panachage), besides or instead of voting directly for parties (mixed electoral systems).
Mixed-member proportional representationMixed-member proportional representation (MMP or MMPR) is a mixed electoral system in which votes are cast for both local elections and also for overall party vote tallies, which are used to allocate additional members to produce or deepen overall proportional representation. In some MMP systems, voters get two votes: one to decide the representative for their single-seat constituency, and one for a political party. In Denmark and others, the single vote cast by the voter is used for both the local election (in a multi-member or single-seat district), and for the overall top-up.
Système électoralthumb|400px|Système électoral utilisé pour élire la chambre basse par pays. Système majoritaire Système semi-proportionnel Système proportionnel Système mixte Autre Le 'système électoral, mode de scrutin', système de vote ou régime électoral, désigne tout type de processus permettant l'expression du choix d'un corps électoral donné, souvent la désignation d'élus pour exercer un mandat en tant que représentants de ce corps (élection), ou moins souvent le choix direct (référendum) d'une option parmi plusieurs.
Overhang seatOverhang seats are constituency seats won in an election under the traditional mixed member proportional (MMP) system (as it originated in Germany), when a party's share of the nationwide votes would entitle it to fewer seats than the number of individual constituencies won. The electoral reform in Germany removed the overhang seats, and replaced with Zweitstimmendeckung. Under MMP, a party is entitled to a number of seats based on its share of the total vote.
ÉlectionL'élection est la désignation, par le vote d'électeurs, de représentants (une personne, un groupe, un parti politique) destinés à les représenter ou occuper une fonction en leur nom. La population concernée transfère par le vote de sa majorité à des représentants ou mandants choisis, la légitimité requise pour exercer le pouvoir attribué (fonction censée être par ailleurs définie et orientée par le biais d'un programme politique). Le terme « Élection » provient du verbe latin « eligere » (choisir) et du substantif « electio » (choix).
