ImpulsivitéL'impulsivité est un trait de personnalité caractérisé par un comportement direct adopté par un individu sans que celui-ci pense aux conséquences de ses actes. Le docteur Ernest S. Barratt a lié l'impulsivité à une prise de risque, un manque de planification mentale et une prise de décision rapide. Quatre facettes complémentaires peuvent être distinguées : le manque de persévérance, l'absence de préméditation ou d'anticipation, la recherche de sensations et l'urgence face aux émotions (elle-même divisée en deux composantes : la sensibilité aux émotions positives ou négatives).
Personnalité autoritairevignette|Armée sous l’influence nazie, saluant son chef Adolf Hitler par un salut nazi. La personnalité autoritaire est une théorie de psychologie sociale et de science politique. D'abord développée par l'École de Francfort, ainsi que le titre d'un ouvrage collectif publié en 1950 par l'American Jewish Committee sous la direction de Theodor W. Adorno, elle est reprise par des sociologues tels que Bob Altemeyer. Selon Theodor W.
Facet (psychology)In psychology, a facet is a specific and unique aspect of a broader personality trait. Both the concept and the term "facet" were introduced by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae in the first edition of the NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) Manual. Facets were originally elaborated only for the neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion traits; Costa and McCrae introduced facet scales for the agreeableness and conscientiousness traits in the Revised NEO-PI (NEO PI-R).
SchizotypyIn psychology, schizotypy is a theoretical concept that posits a continuum of personality characteristics and experiences, ranging from normal dissociative, imaginative states to extreme states of mind related to psychosis, especially schizophrenia. The continuum of personality proposed in schizotypy is in contrast to a categorical view of psychosis, wherein psychosis is considered a particular (usually pathological) state of mind, which the person either has or does not have.
AgréabilitéL'agréabilité (amabilité) est un trait de personnalité qui se manifeste dans des caractéristiques comportementales individuelles qui sont perçues comme gentilles, sympathiques, coopératives, chaleureuses et attentionnées. En psychologie de la personnalité, l'amabilité est, selon le modèle des Big Five l'une des cinq grandes dimensions de la structure de la personnalité, reflétant des différences individuelles dans la coopération et l'harmonie sociale.
Absorption (psychology)Absorption is a disposition or personality trait in which a person becomes absorbed in their ry, particularly fantasy. This trait thus correlates highly with a fantasy prone personality. The original research on absorption was by American psychologist Auke Tellegen. The construct of absorption was developed in order to relate individual differences in hypnotisability to broader aspects of personality. Absorption has a variable correlation with hypnotisability (r = 0.13–0.
Alternative five model of personalityThe alternative five model of personality is based on the claim that the structure of human personality traits is best explained by five broad factors called impulsive sensation seeking (ImpSS), neuroticism–anxiety (N-Anx), aggression–hostility (Agg-Host), sociability (Sy), and activity (Act). The model was developed by Marvin Zuckerman and colleagues as a rival to the well-known five factor model of personality traits and is based on the assumption that "basic" personality traits are those with a strong biological-evolutionary basis.
Harm avoidanceHarm avoidance (HA) is a personality trait characterized by excessive worrying; pessimism; shyness; and being fearful, doubtful, and easily fatigued. In MRI studies HA was correlated with reduced grey matter volume in the orbito-frontal, occipital and parietal regions. Harm avoidance is a temperament assessed in the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), its revised version (TCI-R) and the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) and is positively related to the trait neuroticism and inversely to extraversion in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
Novelty seekingIn psychology, novelty seeking (NS) is a personality trait associated with exploratory activity in response to novel stimulation, impulsive decision making, extravagance in approach to reward cues, quick loss of temper, and avoidance of frustration. It is measured in the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire as well as the later version Temperament and Character Inventory and is considered one of the temperament dimensions of personality. Like the other temperament dimensions, it has been found to be highly heritable.
Subjective well-beingSubjective well-being (SWB) is a self-reported measure of well-being, typically obtained by questionnaire. Ed Diener developed a tripartite model of subjective well-being in 1984, which describes how people experience the quality of their lives and includes both emotional reactions and cognitive judgments. It posits "three distinct but often related components of wellbeing: frequent positive affect, infrequent negative affect, and cognitive evaluations such as life satisfaction.
Modèle des Big Five (psychologie)[[File:Modèle Big Five.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Le 5 traits du modèle de personnalité Big Five']] En psychologie, Big Five désigne un modèle descriptif de la personnalité en cinq traits centraux, empiriquement proposé par en 1981 puis développé par Costa et McCrae dans les années 1987-1992. Il constitue non une théorie mais un repère pour la description et l'étude théorique de la personnalité. Il a servi à établir les profils psychologiques utilisés pour influencer les élections américaines et le référendum qui a abouti au Brexit, dans le cadre du Scandale Facebook-Cambridge Analytica/AggregateIQ.
ConscienciositéLa conscienciosité ou conscience est un trait de personnalité mis en évidence au travers du modèle des Big Five ainsi que du modèle HEXACO. C'est un trait qui consiste à être approfondi, prudent et vigilant et qui implique un désir de bien faire une tâche. Les personnes consciencieuses sont généralement efficaces et organisées par opposition à d'autres qui privilégieraient le travail vite fait et désorganisé.
Goal orientationGoal orientation, or achievement orientation, is an "individual disposition towards developing or validating one's ability in achievement settings". In general, an individual can be said to be mastery or performance oriented, based on whether one's goal is to develop one's ability or to demonstrate one's ability, respectively. A mastery orientation is also sometimes referred to as a learning orientation. Goal orientation refers to how an individual interprets and reacts to tasks, resulting in different patterns of cognition, affect and behavior.
Trait theoryIn psychology, trait theory (also called dispositional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. According to this perspective, traits are aspects of personality that are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are not), are relatively consistent over situations, and influence behaviour.
Substance use disorderSubstance use disorder (SUD) is the persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences as a result of their use. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) states that “Substance use disorder (SUD) is a treatable mental disorder that affects a person's brain and behavior, leading to their inability to control their use of substances like legal or illegal drugs, alcohol, or medications. Symptoms can be moderate to severe, with addiction being the most severe form of SUD”.
Self-transcendenceSelf-transcendence is a personality trait that involves the expansion of personal boundaries, including, potentially, experiencing spiritual ideas such as considering oneself an integral part of the universe. Several psychologists, including Viktor Frankl, Abraham Maslow, Pamela G. Reed, C. Robert Cloninger, Lars Tornstam, and Scott Barry Kaufman have made contributions to the theory of self-transcendence. Self-transcendence is distinctive as the first trait concept of a spiritual nature to be incorporated into a major theory of personality.
Créativitéthumb|Créativité artistique, scientifique, technologique, organisationnelle, etc. se combinent dans ce tableau montrant l'exhumation des restes d'un Mastodonte. Toile de Charles Willson Peale, 1806. La créativité est, , la capacité d'un individu à imaginer et mettre en œuvre un concept neuf, un objet nouveau ou à découvrir une solution originale à un problème.
Introversion et extraversionLes termes introversion et extraversion furent proposés par Carl Gustav Jung dans son ouvrage Types Psychologiques (1921) pour distinguer les deux types d’attitudes observables chez les individus selon leur tendance à s’intéresser aux objets externes (les autres, le monde) ou à leur propre univers intérieur ou subjectivité. À ce propos, compte tenu de la tendance à considérer le ‘subjectif’ comme ayant moins de validité que ce qui est « objectif », Jung tient à clarifier ce qu’il signifie par subjectivité dans ce contexte : .
Lexical hypothesisThe lexical hypothesis (also known as the fundamental lexical hypothesis, lexical approach, or sedimentation hypothesis) is a thesis, current primarily in early personality psychology, and subsumed subsequently by many later efforts concerning that topic. Despite some variation of its definition and application, the hypothesis is generally defined by two postulates. The first states that those personality characteristics that are important to a group of people will eventually become a part of that group's language.
NeuroticismeLe neuroticisme (ou névrosisme, névrotisme, neurotisme) est un trait de personnalité fondamental dans l'étude de la psychologie. Mis en évidence empiriquement dans le modèle des "Big Five" puis dans le modèle HEXACO (émotivité), il caractérise une tendance persistante à l'expérience des émotions négatives. Les individus possédant un haut degré de neuroticisme peuvent faire l'expérience d'émotions telles que l'anxiété, la colère, la culpabilité et la dépression.
