Pilule combinéeLa pilule combinée ou pilule œstroprogestative est, avec la pilule progestative, la troisième méthode contraceptive la plus utilisée au monde après la stérilisation et le DIU. Elle contient les deux hormones de synthèse (un œstrogène et un progestatif, qui imitent les hormones féminines que sont l'œstradiol et la progestérone, sécrétées naturellement par les ovaires de la femme), qui sont à l'origine du blocage de l'ovulation induit par la prise de la pilule combinée.
Cyproterone acetateCyproterone acetate (CPA), sold alone under the brand name Androcur or with ethinylestradiol under the brand names Diane or Diane-35 among others, is an antiandrogen and progestin medication used in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions such as acne, excessive body hair growth, early puberty, and prostate cancer, as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women, and in birth control pills. It is formulated and used both alone and in combination with an estrogen.
Hormone replacement therapyHormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy or postmenopausal hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with female menopause. These symptoms can include hot flashes, vaginal atrophy, accelerated skin aging, vaginal dryness, decreased muscle mass, sexual dysfunction, and bone loss or osteoporosis. They are in large part related to the diminished levels of sex hormones that occur during menopause. Estrogens and progestogens are the main hormone drugs used in HRT.
ÉthinylestradiolL'éthinylestradiol, ou éthinyl estradiol (EE), est un dérivé de synthèse de l'estradiol. C'est l'œstrogène actif par voie orale le plus utilisé au monde. On le trouve dans presque toutes les formulations modernes des pilules contraceptives combinées. L'EE est excrété dans les urines et les fèces. C'est un estrogène de synthèse qui est donc libéré dans la nature sans que l'on en connaisse les conséquences.
Hydroxyprogesterone acetateHydroxyprogesterone acetate (OHPA), sold under the brand name Prodox, is an orally active progestin related to hydroxyprogesterone caproate (OHPC) which has been used in clinical and veterinary medicine. It has reportedly also been used in birth control pills. OHPA is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. OHPA was discovered in 1953 and was introduced for medical use in 1956.
Chlormadinone acetateChlormadinone acetate (CMA), sold under the brand names Belara, Gynorelle, Lutéran, and Prostal among others, is a progestin and antiandrogen medication which is used in birth control pills to prevent pregnancy, as a component of menopausal hormone therapy, in the treatment of gynecological disorders, and in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions like enlarged prostate and prostate cancer in men and acne and hirsutism in women.
Progestogen esterA progestogen ester is an ester of a progestogen or progestin (a synthetic progestogen). The prototypical progestogen is progesterone, an endogenous sex hormone. Esterification is frequently employed to improve the pharmacokinetics of steroids, including oral bioavailability, lipophilicity, and elimination half-life. In addition, with intramuscular injection, steroid esters are often absorbed more slowly into the body, allowing for less frequent administration. Many (though not all) steroid esters function as prodrugs.
Contraception masculinealt=Anneau contraceptif testiculaire Andro-switch|vignette|Anneau contraceptif testiculaire Andro-switch La contraception utilisée par les hommes vise les spermatozoïdes, leur production (par une atteinte à la spermatogenèse (par voie hormonale, chimique ou thermique) ou leur acheminement (par voie chirurgicale : la vasectomie, obstruction mécanique : le préservatif, ou encore comportemental : la méthode du retrait). Il reste que la diversité des contraceptions masculines est mal connue, même des praticiens prescripteurs.
Progestogen (medication)A progestogen, also referred to as a progestagen, gestagen, or gestogen, is a type of medication which produces effects similar to those of the natural female sex hormone progesterone in the body. A progestin is a synthetic progestogen. Progestogens are used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy. They can also be used in the treatment of gynecological conditions, to support fertility and pregnancy, to lower sex hormone levels for various purposes, and for other indications.
GestodeneGestodene, sold under the brand names Femodene and Minulet among others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills for women. It is also used in menopausal hormone therapy. The medication is available almost exclusively in combination with an estrogen. It is taken by mouth. Side effects of the combination of an estrogen and gestodene include menstrual irregularities, headaches, nausea, breast tenderness, mood changes, and others.
Hormonal contraceptionHormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the endocrine system. Almost all methods are composed of steroid hormones, although in India one selective estrogen receptor modulator is marketed as a contraceptive. The original hormonal method—the combined oral contraceptive pill—was first marketed as a contraceptive in 1960. In the ensuing decades many other delivery methods have been developed, although the oral and injectable methods are by far the most popular.
Feminizing hormone therapyFeminizing hormone therapy, also known as transfeminine hormone therapy, is hormone therapy and sex reassignment therapy to change the secondary sex characteristics of transgender people from masculine or androgynous to feminine. It is a common type of transgender hormone therapy (another being masculinizing hormone therapy) and is used to treat transgender women and non-binary transfeminine individuals. Some, in particular intersex people but also some non-transgender people, take this form of therapy according to their personal needs and preferences.
Acétate de médroxyprogestéroneL’acétate de médroxyprogestérone (en anglais Medroxyprogesterone acetate ou MPA), connu aussi sous le nom acétate de 17α-hydroxy-6α-méthylprogestérone, ou Depo-Provera est une forme synthétique de progestérone. Il est utilisé principalement comme contraceptif mais sert aussi pour le traitement de l'endométriose. Ses actions pharmacologiques sur le système endocrinien sont : L'inhibition des gonadotrophines hypophysaires : hormone folliculostimulante (FSH) et hormone lutéinisante (LH).
ProgestatifUn progestatif est une hormone stéroïdienne d'action similaire à la progestérone, le seul progestatif naturel. Pour être considérée comme progestative (progestogène), une molécule doit avoir les effets suivants en expérimentation chez un animal de laboratoire : effet lutéomimétique (test de Clauberg) : différenciation sécrétoire sur une muqueuse utérine correctement préparée par les œstrogènes ; effet progestogène : maintien de la gestation malgré ablation du corps jaune de l'ovaire.
Megestrol acetateMegestrol acetate (MGA), sold under the brand name Megace among others, is a progestin medication which is used mainly as an appetite stimulant to treat wasting syndromes such as cachexia. It is also used to treat breast cancer and endometrial cancer, and has been used in birth control. MGA is generally formulated alone, although it has been combined with estrogens in birth control formulations. It is usually taken by mouth.
NorgestimateNorgestimate, sold under the brand names Ortho Tri-Cyclen and Previfem among others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills for women and in menopausal hormone therapy. The medication is available in combination with an estrogen and is not available alone. It is taken by mouth. Side effects of the combination of an estrogen and norgestimate include menstrual irregularities, headaches, nausea, abdominal pain, breast tenderness, mood changes, and others.
Nomegestrol acetateNomegestrol acetate (NOMAC), sold under the brand names Lutenyl and Zoely among others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and for the treatment of gynecological disorders. It is available both alone and in combination with an estrogen. NOMAC is taken by mouth. A birth control implant for placement under the skin was also developed but ultimately was not marketed. Side effects of NOMAC include menstrual irregularities, headaches, nausea, breast tenderness, and others.
EtonogestrelL'étonogestrel est un médicament couramment utilisé comme moyen de contraception féminine. Il est disponible sous la forme d'un implant placé sous la peau de la partie supérieure du bras, sous les noms de marque Nexplanon et Implanon, et en association avec l'éthinylestradiol, un œstrogène, sous forme d'anneau vaginal sous les noms de marque NuvaRing et Circlet. L'étonogestrel en implant est efficace comme contraceptif dans les après insertion pour au moins trois ou quatre ans, certaines données montrant une efficacité pendant cinq ans.
Ethinylestradiol sulfonateEthinylestradiol sulfonate (EES), sold under the brand names Deposiston and Turisteron among others, is an estrogen medication which has been used in birth control pills for women and in the treatment of prostate cancer in men. It has also been investigated in the treatment of breast cancer in women. The medication was combined with norethisterone acetate in birth control pills. EES is taken by mouth once per week. Side effects of EES in men include breast tenderness, gynecomastia, feminization, sexual dysfunction, and cardiovascular complications, among others.
Cancer du seinLe 'cancer du sein' est un cancer de la glande mammaire. Autrement dit, c'est un cancer qui naît dans les unités cellulaires dont la fonction est de sécréter le lait, les unités ducto-lobulaires du sein, essentiellement chez la femme. Huit cancers du sein sur dix se déclarent après 50 ans. Premier cancer dans le monde, il touche, en 2016, 1,8 million de femmes par an dans le monde, dont en France. On s'attend à ce qu'une femme sur huit reçoive un diagnostic de cancer du sein au cours de sa vie.
