Database schemaThe database schema is the structure of a database described in a formal language supported typically by a relational database management system (RDBMS). The term "schema" refers to the organization of data as a blueprint of how the database is constructed (divided into database tables in the case of relational databases). The formal definition of a database schema is a set of formulas (sentences) called integrity constraints imposed on a database. These integrity constraints ensure compatibility between parts of the schema.
Schema matchingThe terms schema matching and mapping are often used interchangeably for a database process. For this article, we differentiate the two as follows: schema matching is the process of identifying that two objects are semantically related (scope of this article) while mapping refers to the transformations between the objects. For example, in the two schemas DB1.Student (Name, SSN, Level, Major, Marks) and DB2.Grad-Student (Name, ID, Major, Grades); possible matches would be: DB1.Student ≈ DB2.Grad-Student; DB1.
Recalage d'imagesEn , le recalage est une technique qui consiste en la « mise en correspondance d'images », dans le but de comparer ou combiner leurs informations respectives. Cette méthode repose sur les mêmes principes physique et le même type de modélisation mathématique que la . Cette mise en correspondance se fait par la recherche d'une transformation géométrique permettant de passer d'une image à une autre.
Federated database systemA federated database system (FDBS) is a type of meta-database management system (DBMS), which transparently maps multiple autonomous database systems into a single federated database. The constituent databases are interconnected via a computer network and may be geographically decentralized. Since the constituent database systems remain autonomous, a federated database system is a contrastable alternative to the (sometimes daunting) task of merging several disparate databases.
Physical schemaA physical data model (or database design) is a representation of a data design as implemented, or intended to be implemented, in a database management system. In the lifecycle of a project it typically derives from a logical data model, though it may be reverse-engineered from a given database implementation. A complete physical data model will include all the database artifacts required to create relationships between tables or to achieve performance goals, such as indexes, constraint definitions, linking tables, partitioned tables or clusters.
Database designDatabase design is the organization of data according to a database model. The designer determines what data must be stored and how the data elements interrelate. With this information, they can begin to fit the data to the database model. A database management system manages the data accordingly. Database design involves classifying data and identifying interrelationships. This theoretical representation of the data is called an ontology. The ontology is the theory behind the database's design.
Point-set registrationIn computer vision, pattern recognition, and robotics, point-set registration, also known as point-cloud registration or scan matching, is the process of finding a spatial transformation (e.g., scaling, rotation and translation) that aligns two point clouds. The purpose of finding such a transformation includes merging multiple data sets into a globally consistent model (or coordinate frame), and mapping a new measurement to a known data set to identify features or to estimate its pose.
Conceptual schemaA conceptual schema or conceptual data model is a high-level description of informational needs underlying the design of a database. It typically includes only the main concepts and the main relationships among them. Typically this is a first-cut model, with insufficient detail to build an actual database. This level describes the structure of the whole database for a group of users. The conceptual model is also known as the data model that can be used to describe the conceptual schema when a database system is implemented.
Relation (database)In database theory, a relation, as originally defined by E. F. Codd, is a set of tuples (d1, d2, ..., dn), where each element dj is a member of Dj, a data domain. Codd's original definition notwithstanding, and contrary to the usual definition in mathematics, there is no ordering to the elements of the tuples of a relation. Instead, each element is termed an attribute value. An attribute is a name paired with a domain (nowadays more commonly referred to as a type or data type).
Système d'informationalt=Monitoring d'un système d'information de contrôle du trafic aérien|vignette|363x363px|Monitoring d'un système d'information de contrôle du trafic aérien Le système d'information (SI) est un ensemble organisé de ressources qui permet de collecter, stocker, traiter et distribuer de l'information, en général grâce à un réseau d'ordinateurs. Il s'agit d'un système socio-technique composé de deux sous-systèmes, l'un social et l'autre technique. Le sous-système social est composé de la structure organisationnelle et des personnes liées au SI.
Correspondence problemThe correspondence problem refers to the problem of ascertaining which parts of one image correspond to which parts of another image, where differences are due to movement of the camera, the elapse of time, and/or movement of objects in the photos.
Conceptual modelA conceptual model is a representation of a system. It consists of concepts used to help people know, understand, or simulate a subject the model represents. In contrast, a physical model focuses on a physical object such as a toy model that may be assembled and made to work like the object it represents. The term may refer to models that are formed after a conceptualization or generalization process. Conceptual models are often abstractions of things in the real world, whether physical or social.
Business process modelingBusiness process modeling (BPM) in business process management and systems engineering is the activity of representing processes of an enterprise, so that the current business processes may be analyzed, improved, and automated. BPM is typically performed by business analysts, who provide expertise in the modeling discipline; by subject matter experts, who have specialized knowledge of the processes being modeled; or more commonly by a team comprising both. Alternatively, the process model can be derived directly from events' logs using process mining tools.
Management du système d'informationLe management du système d'information ou la gestion des systèmes d'information (aussi appelé dans un sens plus restreint : informatique de gestion et parfois management de la performance) est une discipline des sciences de gestion ou du management regroupant l'ensemble des connaissances, des techniques et des outils assurant la gestion de données et leur sécurité, et plus généralement l'organisation et la protection du système d'information.
Conceptual blendingIn cognitive linguistics, conceptual blending, also called conceptual integration or view application, is a theory of cognition developed by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner. According to this theory, elements and vital relations from diverse scenarios are "blended" in a subconscious process, which is assumed to be ubiquitous to everyday thought and language. Much like memetics, it is an attempt to create a unitary account of the cultural transmission of ideas.
Computational anatomyComputational anatomy is an interdisciplinary field of biology focused on quantitative investigation and modelling of anatomical shapes variability. It involves the development and application of mathematical, statistical and data-analytical methods for modelling and simulation of biological structures. The field is broadly defined and includes foundations in anatomy, applied mathematics and pure mathematics, machine learning, computational mechanics, computational science, biological imaging, neuroscience, physics, probability, and statistics; it also has strong connections with fluid mechanics and geometric mechanics.
Modèle entité-associationvignette|Un artiste peut jouer une chanson.|258x258px Le modèle entité-association (MEA) (le terme « modèle-entité-relation » est une traduction erronée largement répandue), ou diagramme entité-association ou en anglais « entity-relationship diagram », abrégé en ERD, est un modèle de données ou diagramme pour des descriptions de haut niveau de modèles conceptuels de données. Il a été conçu par Peter Chen dans les années 1970 afin de fournir une notation unifiée pour représenter les informations gérées par les systèmes de gestion de bases de données de l'époque.
Système expertUn système expert est un outil capable de reproduire les mécanismes cognitifs d'un expert, dans un domaine particulier. Il s'agit de l'une des voies tentant d'aboutir à l'intelligence artificielle. Plus précisément, un système expert est un logiciel capable de répondre à des questions, en effectuant un raisonnement à partir de faits et de règles connues. Il peut servir notamment comme outil d'aide à la décision. Le premier système expert a été Dendral. Il permettait d'identifier les constituants chimiques.
Conceptual metaphorIn cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor, or cognitive metaphor, refers to the understanding of one idea, or conceptual domain, in terms of another. An example of this is the understanding of quantity in terms of directionality (e.g. "the price of peace is rising") or the understanding of time in terms of money (e.g. "I spent time at work today"). A conceptual domain can be any mental organization of human experience.
Validation croiséeLa validation croisée () est, en apprentissage automatique, une méthode d’estimation de fiabilité d’un modèle fondée sur une technique d’échantillonnage. Supposons posséder un modèle statistique avec un ou plusieurs paramètres inconnus, et un ensemble de données d'apprentissage sur lequel on peut apprendre (ou « entraîner ») le modèle. Le processus d'apprentissage optimise les paramètres du modèle afin que celui-ci corresponde le mieux possible aux données d'apprentissage.
