Enveloppe viralethumb|Un virus enveloppé de la famille des virus de la grippe vu en microscopie électronique par transmission : huit capsides en hélice sont enfermées dans une enveloppe virale (diamètre total d'environ ) L’enveloppe virale est une structure externe existant chez certains virus. Elle consiste en une membrane lipidique constituée à partir de la membrane en double couche de la cellule hôte, et de protéines virales qui y sont insérées. L'enveloppe virale contient habituellement une capside contenant l'acide nucléique viral.
Viral entryViral entry is the earliest stage of infection in the viral life cycle, as the virus comes into contact with the host cell and introduces viral material into the cell. The major steps involved in viral entry are shown below. Despite the variation among viruses, there are several shared generalities concerning viral entry. How a virus enters a cell is different depending on the type of virus it is. A virus with a nonenveloped capsid enters the cell by attaching to the attachment factor located on a host cell.
CapsideChez un virus, la capside est la structure qui entoure le génome, l'acide nucléique (ADN ou ARN). Elle est constituée de très nombreuses unités protéiques qui se regroupent pour former des ensembles structurels identiques appelés capsomères. Le nucléocapside est l'ensemble formé de la capside du virus (présente chez les virus nus ou enveloppés, l'enveloppe ou péplos n'étant pas la capside, mais une enveloppe lipoprotéique entourant la capside) et du génome viral (ARN ou ADN).
AntiviralUn antiviral est une molécule perturbant le cycle de réplication d'un ou de plusieurs virus, permettant ainsi de ralentir mais rarement d'arrêter une infection virale. Avec les vaccins et la prévention, ils constituent le seul moyen connu pour lutter contre les infections d'origines virales. Les antiviraux sont efficaces pour lutter contre les virus en attendant la mise au point d'un vaccin, qui est la seule manière connue d'éradiquer un virus à long terme, comme l'ont montré les différentes campagnes d'éradication de la poliomyélite et surtout de la variole.
Gp120La GP120 est une glycoprotéine exprimée par le VIH (virus responsable du syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise ou SIDA) La GP120 est une des protéines composant le virus communément appelé VIH ou virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (dont il existe deux types soit le 1 et le 2). C'est un rétrovirus d'environ 120nm de diamètre, relativement fragile, détruit par la chaleur à 60 °C et par les antiseptiques (alcool, eau de Javel...). Parasite obligatoire, il ne peut survivre plus de 5 à 6 heures hors d’une cellule.
Viral life cycleViruses are only able to replicate themselves by commandeering the reproductive apparatus of cells and making them reproduce the virus's genetic structure and particles instead. How viruses do this depends mainly on the type of nucleic acid DNA or RNA they contain, which is either one or the other but never both. Viruses cannot function or reproduce outside a cell, and are totally dependent on a host cell to survive. Most viruses are species specific, and related viruses typically only infect a narrow range of plants, animals, bacteria, or fungi.
InfectionAn infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an illness resulting from an infection. Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, most prominently bacteria and viruses. Hosts can fight infections using their immune systems. Mammalian hosts react to infections with an innate response, often involving inflammation, followed by an adaptive response.
Respiratory tract infectionRespiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infectious diseases involving the respiratory tract. An infection of this type usually is further classified as an upper respiratory tract infection (URI or URTI) or a lower respiratory tract infection (LRI or LRTI). Lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, tend to be far more severe than upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold. Upper respiratory tract infection The upper respiratory tract is considered the airway above the glottis or vocal cords; sometimes, it is taken as the tract above the cricoid cartilage.
VirusUn virus est un agent infectieux nécessitant un hôte, souvent une cellule, dont les constituants et le métabolisme déclenchent la réplication. Le nom virus a été emprunté au par Ambroise Paré au latin . La science des virus est la virologie, et ses experts sont des virologues ou virologistes. On considère de plus en plus les virus comme faisant partie des acaryotes. Ils changent de forme durant leur cycle, passant par deux stades : Une phase extracellulaire sous forme de particule virale.
Viral sheddingViral shedding is the expulsion and release of virus progeny following successful reproduction during a host cell infection. Once replication has been completed and the host cell is exhausted of all resources in making viral progeny, the viruses may begin to leave the cell by several methods. The term is variously used to refer to viral particles shedding from a single cell, from one part of the body into another, and from a body into the environment, where the virus may infect another.
Upper respiratory tract infectionAn upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is an illness caused by an acute infection, which involves the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx or trachea. This commonly includes nasal obstruction, sore throat, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and the common cold. Most infections are viral in nature, and in other instances, the cause is bacterial. URTIs can also be fungal or helminthic in origin, but these are less common. In 2015, 17.
Protéine enveloppe du CoronavirusLa protéine enveloppe du Coronavirus (protéine E) est la plus petite et la moins distincte des quatre principales protéines structurelles des Coronavirus. C'est une protéine membranaire intégrale longue de moins de 110 acides aminés. Dans le SARS-CoV-2, cause de la Covid-19, la protéine E a une longueur de 75 acides aminés. Bien que non essentielle pour la réplication virale, son absence peut avoir pour conséquence un assemblage anormal des capsides virales ou une baisse de la réplication.
Virus latencyVirus latency (or viral latency) is the ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant (latent) within a cell, denoted as the lysogenic part of the viral life cycle. A latent viral infection is a type of persistent viral infection which is distinguished from a chronic viral infection. Latency is the phase in certain viruses' life cycles in which, after initial infection, proliferation of virus particles ceases. However, the viral genome is not eradicated.
Réplication viralevignette|Schéma récapitulatif du cycle de réplication viral du virus Influenza (grippe) La réplication virale est l'ensemble des processus biochimiques qui se déroulent dans la cellule infectée par un virus et qui ont pour effet de produire de nouvelles unités de ce virus (ou virions). Ce mode de multiplication parasitaire qui exploite le mécanisme de réplication de l'ADN est ce qui définit les virus. Les virus doivent d'abord pénétrer dans la cellule avant que la réplication virale puisse se produire.
Infection aiguë des voies respiratoires inférieuresUne infection aiguë des voies respiratoires inférieures, également appelée infection respiratoire basse, est une infection aiguë touchant les voies aériennes inférieures ou les poumons. Cette entité désigne un groupe de pathologies pouvant inclure la bronchiolite, la bronchite aiguë, certains cas d'exacerbation de BPCO, de grippe ou de pneumonie. Les personnes âgées, immunodéficientes ou atteintes de maladies pulmonaires chroniques risquent plus d'être touchées.
Protéine virale non structuraleIn virology, a nonstructural protein is a protein encoded by a virus but that is not part of the viral particle. They typically include the various enzymes and transcription factors the virus uses to replicate itself, such as a viral protease (3CL/nsp5, etc.), an RNA replicase or other template-directed polymerases, and some means to control the host. NSP1 (rotavirus) NSP4 (rotavirus) NSP5 (rotavirus) Influenza non-structural protein NS1 influenza protein HBcAg, core antigen of hepatitis B Bunyaviridae nons
Coronavirus membrane proteinThe membrane (M) protein (previously called E1, sometimes also matrix protein) is an integral membrane protein that is the most abundant of the four major structural proteins found in coronaviruses. The M protein organizes the assembly of coronavirus virions through protein-protein interactions with other M protein molecules as well as with the other three structural proteins, the envelope (E), spike (S), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. The M protein is a transmembrane protein with three transmembrane domains and is around 230 amino acid residues long.
DisinfectantA disinfectant is a chemical substance or compound used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms on inert surfaces. Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical or chemical process that kills all types of life. Disinfectants are generally distinguished from other antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics, which destroy microorganisms within the body, and antiseptics, which destroy microorganisms on living tissue.
Skin infectionA skin infection is an infection of the skin in humans and other animals, that can also affect the associated soft tissues such as loose connective tissue and mucous membranes. They comprise a category of infections termed skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), or skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), and acute bacterial SSSIs (ABSSSIs). They are distinguished from dermatitis (inflammation of the skin), although skin infections can result in skin inflammation.
Viral pneumoniaViral pneumonia is a pneumonia caused by a virus. Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in one or both of the lungs. The pulmonary alveoli fill with fluid or pus making it difficult to breathe. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in children, while in adults bacteria are a more common cause. Symptoms of viral pneumonia include fever, non-productive cough, runny nose, and systemic symptoms (e.g. myalgia, headache).
