Monolithic SPAD Arrays for High-Performance, Time-Resolved Single-Photon Imaging

SPAD (single-photon avalanche diode) arrays are single-photon sensors, which enable photon counting and unparalleled time-resolved imaging. In this paper, we will detail the architecture and characteristics of three representative SPAD arrays, implemented in standard CMOS technologies and targeted to a range of applications such as biophotonics, basic sciences, and engineering. Two sensors feature a high-performance pixel and enable time-gated and TCSPC operation, respectively. The third sensor is a line array whose pixels are coupled on a one-to-one basis with an FPGA for flexible data acquisition and processing.