Musical tuningIn music, there are two common meanings for tuning: Tuning practice, the act of tuning an instrument or voice. Tuning systems, the various systems of pitches used to tune an instrument, and their theoretical bases. Tuning is the process of adjusting the pitch of one or many tones from musical instruments to establish typical intervals between these tones. Tuning is usually based on a fixed reference, such as A = 440 Hz. The term "out of tune" refers to a pitch/tone that is either too high (sharp) or too low (flat) in relation to a given reference pitch.
Filtre (audio)Dans le traitement du signal, un filtre est un appareil ou une fonction servant à retirer ou bien à accentuer ou réduire certaines parties du spectre sonore représentées dans un signal. Les filtres sont essentiels dans plusieurs fonctions des appareils électroniques (voir Filtre (électronique)). Nous ne traiterons ici que des filtres accessibles par des commandes dans les tranches des consoles de mixage et les égaliseurs qui permettent d'ajuster la tonalité des sons.
Prototype filterPrototype filters are electronic filter designs that are used as a template to produce a modified filter design for a particular application. They are an example of a nondimensionalised design from which the desired filter can be scaled or transformed. They are most often seen in regard to electronic filters and especially linear analogue passive filters. However, in principle, the method can be applied to any kind of linear filter or signal processing, including mechanical, acoustic and optical filters.
Electronic filter topologyElectronic filter topology defines electronic filter circuits without taking note of the values of the components used but only the manner in which those components are connected. Filter design characterises filter circuits primarily by their transfer function rather than their topology. Transfer functions may be linear or nonlinear. Common types of linear filter transfer function are; high-pass, low-pass, bandpass, band-reject or notch and all-pass.
Filtre de ButterworthUn filtre de Butterworth est un type de filtre linéaire, conçu pour posséder un gain aussi constant que possible dans sa bande passante. Les filtres de Butterworth furent décrits pour la première fois par l'ingénieur britannique . Le gain d'un filtre de Butterworth est le plus constant possible dans la bande passante et tend vers 0 dB dans la bande de coupure. Sur un diagramme de Bode logarithmique, cette réponse décroît linéairement vers -∞, de -6 dB/octave (-20 dB/décade) pour un filtre de premier ordre, -12 dB/octave soit -40 dB/decade pour un filtre de second ordre, -18 dB/octave soit -60 dB/decade pour un filtre de troisième ordre, etc.
Dynamic tonalityDynamic tonality is a paradigm for tuning and timbre which generalizes the special relationship between just intonation and the harmonic series to apply to a wider set of pseudo-just tunings and related pseudo-harmonic timbres. The main limitation of Dynamic Tonality is that it is best used with compatible isomorphic keyboard instruments and compatible synthesizers or with voices and instruments whose sounds are transformed in real time via compatible digital tools.
Filtre de TchebychevLes filtres de Tchebychev sont un type de filtre caractérisé par l'acceptation d'une ondulation, ou bien en bande passante ou bien en bande atténuée. Dans le premier cas, on parle de filtres de Tchebychev de type 1 ou directs, dans le second, de filtres de Tchebychev de type 2 ou inverses. Les filtres qui présentent une ondulation à la fois en bande passante et en bande atténuée sont appelés filtres elliptiques.
Analogue filterAnalogue filters are a basic building block of signal processing much used in electronics. Amongst their many applications are the separation of an audio signal before application to bass, mid-range, and tweeter loudspeakers; the combining and later separation of multiple telephone conversations onto a single channel; the selection of a chosen radio station in a radio receiver and rejection of others.
Digital biquad filterIn signal processing, a digital biquad filter is a second order recursive linear filter, containing two poles and two zeros. "Biquad" is an abbreviation of "biquadratic", which refers to the fact that in the Z domain, its transfer function is the ratio of two quadratic functions: The coefficients are often normalized such that a0 = 1: High-order infinite impulse response filters can be highly sensitive to quantization of their coefficients, and can easily become unstable.
Nonlinear filterIn signal processing, a nonlinear (or non-linear) filter is a filter whose output is not a linear function of its input. That is, if the filter outputs signals R and S for two input signals r and s separately, but does not always output αR + βS when the input is a linear combination αr + βs. Both continuous-domain and discrete-domain filters may be nonlinear. A simple example of the former would be an electrical device whose output voltage R(t) at any moment is the square of the input voltage r(t); or which is the input clipped to a fixed range [a,b], namely R(t) = max(a, min(b, r(t))).
Stretched tuningStretched tuning is a detail of musical tuning, applied to wire-stringed musical instruments, older, non-digital electric pianos (such as the Fender Rhodes piano and Wurlitzer electric piano), and some sample-based synthesizers based on these instruments, to accommodate the natural inharmonicity of their vibrating elements. In stretched tuning, two notes an octave apart, whose fundamental frequencies theoretically have an exact 2:1 ratio, are tuned slightly farther apart (a stretched octave).
Intonation justeL'intonation juste est un système d'intonation musicale dans lequel, en principe, tous les intervalles, en particulier toutes les consonances, sont justes. Cet idéal est cependant utopique et l'expression « intonation juste » désigne plutôt un système d'intonation vocale ou instrumentale (ou un système d'accordage) combinant des quintes justes et des tierces justes en nombre nécessairement limité.
DiapasonEn musique, le diapason est à la fois un instrument matériel produisant un son de référence et cette référence elle-même : un son dont la hauteur est dans presque tous les cas un la (corde à vide du violon). Cette référence permet aux musiciens d'accorder ensemble leurs instruments de musique. La note de référence standard est le la 440, qui fixe la fréquence du la3 à à 20 °C. Néanmoins, le diapason des orchestres symphoniques professionnels en France et en Europe est basé sur le la3 à 442 Hz donné par le hautbois.
Field-programmable gate arrayA field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured after manufacturing. The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, but this is increasingly rare due to the advent of electronic design automation tools. FPGAs contain an array of programmable logic blocks, and a hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects allowing blocks to be wired together.
Complex programmable logic deviceA complex programmable logic device (CPLD) is a programmable logic device with complexity between that of PALs and FPGAs, and architectural features of both. The main building block of the CPLD is a macrocell, which contains logic implementing disjunctive normal form expressions and more specialized logic operations. Some of the CPLD features are in common with PALs: Non-volatile configuration memory. Unlike many FPGAs, an external configuration ROM isn't required, and the CPLD can function immediately on system start-up.
Programmable Array LogicProgrammable Array Logic (PAL) is a family of programmable logic device semiconductors used to implement logic functions in digital circuits introduced by Monolithic Memories, Inc. (MMI) in March 1978. MMI obtained a registered trademark on the term PAL for use in "Programmable Semiconductor Logic Circuits". The trademark is currently held by Lattice Semiconductor. PAL devices consisted of a small PROM (programmable read-only memory) core and additional output logic used to implement particular desired logic functions with few components.
