Publication
Aerosol-cloud interactions, particularly ice processes in mixed-phase clouds (MPCs), remain a key source of uncertainty in climate change assessments. This study introduces state-of-the-art laboratory-based parameterizations into a global chemistry-transport model to investigate the contributions of mineral dust (specifically K-feldspar and quartz), marine primary organic aerosol (MPOA), and terrestrial primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) to ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in MPCs. The model suggests that INPs originating from PBAPs (INPPBAP) are the primary source of INPs at low altitudes between -10 and -20 degrees C, particularly in the tropics, with a pronounced peak in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) during the boreal summer. INPPBAP contributes over 40 % of the total simulated INP column burden at midlatitudes. Dust-derived INPs (INPD) are prominent at high altitudes across all seasons, dominating at temperatures below -20 degrees C, and they constitute over 89 % of the INP average column burden at high latitudes in the NH and about 74 % at high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). MPOA-derived INPs (INPMPOA) prevail in the SH at low altitudes, particularly at subpolar and polar latitudes for temperatures above -20 degrees C, where they represent between 17 % and 36 % of the INP column population, depending on the season. When evaluated against available global observational INP data, the model achieves its highest predictability across all temperature ranges when both INPD and INPMPOA are included as independent INP sources. The addition of INPPBAP does not enhance the model's ability to reproduce the available observations; however, INPPBAP remains a key contributor to warm-temperature ice-nucleation events. Therefore, consideration of dust, marine aerosol, and terrestrial bioaerosols as distinct INP species is required to simulate ice nucleation in climate models.