Metamaterial antennaMetamaterial antennas are a class of antennas which use metamaterials to increase performance of miniaturized (electrically small) antenna systems. Their purpose, as with any electromagnetic antenna, is to launch energy into free space. However, this class of antenna incorporates metamaterials, which are materials engineered with novel, often microscopic, structures to produce unusual physical properties. Antenna designs incorporating metamaterials can step-up the antenna's radiated power.
Negative-index metamaterialNegative-index metamaterial or negative-index material (NIM) is a metamaterial whose refractive index for an electromagnetic wave has a negative value over some frequency range. NIMs are constructed of periodic basic parts called unit cells, which are usually significantly smaller than the wavelength of the externally applied electromagnetic radiation. The unit cells of the first experimentally investigated NIMs were constructed from circuit board material, or in other words, wires and dielectrics.
Paramètres SLes paramètres S (de l'anglais Scattering parameters), coefficients de diffraction ou de répartition sont utilisés en hyperfréquences, en électricité ou en électronique pour décrire le comportement électrique de réseaux électriques linéaires en fonction des signaux d'entrée. Ces paramètres font partie d'une famille de formalismes similaires, utilisés en électronique, en physique ou en optique : les paramètres Y, les paramètres Z, les paramètres H, les paramètres T ou les paramètres ABCD.
Admittance parametersAdmittance parameters or Y-parameters (the elements of an admittance matrix or Y-matrix) are properties used in many areas of electrical engineering, such as power, electronics, and telecommunications. These parameters are used to describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks. They are also used to describe the small-signal (linearized) response of non-linear networks. Y parameters are also known as short circuited admittance parameters.
Impedance parametersImpedance parameters or Z-parameters (the elements of an impedance matrix or Z-matrix) are properties used in electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and communication systems engineering to describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks. They are also used to describe the small-signal (linearized) response of non-linear networks. They are members of a family of similar parameters used in electronic engineering, other examples being: S-parameters, Y-parameters, H-parameters, T-parameters or ABCD-parameters.
Insertion lossIn telecommunications, insertion loss is the loss of signal power resulting from the insertion of a device in a transmission line or optical fiber and is usually expressed in decibels (dB). If the power transmitted to the load before insertion is PT and the power received by the load after insertion is PR, then the insertion loss in decibels is given by, Insertion loss is a figure of merit for an electronic filter and this data is generally specified with a filter.
Ligne de transmissionUne ligne de transmission est un ensemble de deux conducteurs acheminant de concert un signal électrique, d'une source (ou émetteur) vers une charge (ou récepteur). On doit considérer une paire de conducteurs comme une ligne de transmission chaque fois que sa longueur est du même ordre de grandeur, ou plus, que la longueur d'onde de la fréquence la plus élevée du signal à transmettre. La charge étant connectée à l'extrémité de la ligne, la ligne permet de retrouver, sur son entrée, à son autre extrémité, la même résistance que la charge, cela quelle que soit la longueur de la ligne.
Planar transmission linePlanar transmission lines are transmission lines with conductors, or in some cases dielectric (insulating) strips, that are flat, ribbon-shaped lines. They are used to interconnect components on printed circuits and integrated circuits working at microwave frequencies because the planar type fits in well with the manufacturing methods for these components. Transmission lines are more than simply interconnections.
Photonic metamaterialA photonic metamaterial (PM), also known as an optical metamaterial, is a type of electromagnetic metamaterial, that interacts with light, covering terahertz (THz), infrared (IR) or visible wavelengths. The materials employ a periodic, cellular structure. The subwavelength periodicity distinguishes photonic metamaterials from photonic band gap or photonic crystal structures. The cells are on a scale that is magnitudes larger than the atom, yet much smaller than the radiated wavelength, are on the order of nanometers.
Series and parallel circuitsTwo-terminal components and electrical networks can be connected in series or parallel. The resulting electrical network will have two terminals, and itself can participate in a series or parallel topology. Whether a two-terminal "object" is an electrical component (e.g. a resistor) or an electrical network (e.g. resistors in series) is a matter of perspective. This article will use "component" to refer to a two-terminal "object" that participate in the series/parallel networks.
Microscopie électronique en transmissionvignette|upright=1.5|Principe de fonctionnement du microscope électronique en transmission. vignette|Un microscope électronique en transmission (1976). La microscopie électronique en transmission (MET, ou TEM pour l'anglais transmission electron microscopy) est une technique de microscopie où un faisceau d'électrons est « transmis » à travers un échantillon très mince. Les effets d'interaction entre les électrons et l'échantillon donnent naissance à une image, dont la résolution peut atteindre 0,08 nanomètre (voire ).
Ligne asymétriqueIn telecommunications and electrical engineering in general, an unbalanced line is a pair of conductors intended to carry electrical signals, which have unequal impedances along their lengths and to ground and other circuits. Examples of unbalanced lines are coaxial cable or the historic earth return system invented for the telegraph, but rarely used today. Unbalanced lines are to be contrasted with balanced lines, such as twin-lead or twisted pair which use two identical conductors to maintain impedance balance throughout the line.
Loi d'OhmLa loi d'Ohm est une loi physique empirique qui lie l'intensité du courant électrique traversant un dipôle électrique à la tension à ses bornes. Cette loi permet de déterminer la valeur d'une résistance. La loi d'Ohm a été ainsi nommée en référence au physicien allemand Georg Simon Ohm qui la publie en 1827, dans son œuvre Die galvanische Kette: mathematisch bearbeitet. On note : U la tension aux bornes de la résistance ; I l’intensité du courant qui circule à travers la résistance ; R la valeur de la résistance.
Pile DaniellLa pile Daniell est un dispositif électrochimique réalisant la conversion d'énergie chimique en énergie électrique par le biais d'une réaction d'oxydo-réduction. Le principe de fonctionnement de cette pile a été démontré par Edmond Becquerel et a été perfectionnée par le chimiste britannique John Daniell en 1836, au moment où le développement du télégraphe faisait apparaître un besoin urgent de sources de courant sûres et constantes.
Electrical resistivity and conductivityElectrical resistivity (also called volume resistivity or specific electrical resistance) is a fundamental specific property of a material that measures its electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows electric current. Resistivity is commonly represented by the Greek letter ρ (rho). The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m).
Glossary of fuel cell termsThe Glossary of fuel cell terms lists the definitions of many terms used within the fuel cell industry. The terms in this fuel cell glossary may be used by fuel cell industry associations, in education material and fuel cell codes and standards to name but a few. Activation loss See overpotential Adsorption Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or a liquid (adsorbent), forming a film of molecules or atoms (the adsorbate).
