Histone acétyltransféraseL'histone acétyltransférase, abrégée en HAT, est une acétyltransférase qui catalyse la réaction : acétyl-CoA + histone CoA + acétylhistone. Cette enzyme est associée à l'activation de la transcription, notamment en agissant sur le remodelage et la décondensation de la chromatine, permettant ainsi l'exposition de nombreux sites de liaisons pour l'ARN polymérase II et pour les protéines de régulation de la transcription. Le matériel génétique chez les eucaryotes est situé dans le noyau où une forte compaction est nécessaire afin de contenir tout l’ADN dans le noyau (6μm de diamètre).
Origine de réplicationvignette|Origines de la réplication de l'ADN L'origine de réplication (aussi appelée « ori ») est une séquence unique d'ADN permettant l'initiation de la réplication. C'est à partir de cette séquence que débute une réplication unidirectionnelle ou bidirectionnelle. La structure de l'origine de réplication varie d'une espèce à l'autre ; elle est donc spécifique bien qu'elles aient toutes certaines caractéristiques. Un complexe protéique se forme au niveau de cette séquence et permet l'ouverture de l'ADN et le démarrage de la réplication.
CorepressorIn the field of molecular biology, a corepressor is a molecule that represses the expression of genes. In prokaryotes, corepressors are small molecules whereas in eukaryotes, corepressors are proteins. A corepressor does not directly bind to DNA, but instead indirectly regulates gene expression by binding to repressors. A corepressor downregulates (or represses) the expression of genes by binding to and activating a repressor transcription factor.
Reference genomeA reference genome (also known as a reference assembly) is a digital nucleic acid sequence database, assembled by scientists as a representative example of the set of genes in one idealized individual organism of a species. As they are assembled from the sequencing of DNA from a number of individual donors, reference genomes do not accurately represent the set of genes of any single individual organism. Instead a reference provides a haploid mosaic of different DNA sequences from each donor.
Whole genome sequencingWhole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. Whole genome sequencing has largely been used as a research tool, but was being introduced to clinics in 2014.
Histone acetylation and deacetylationHistone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated and deacetylated as part of gene regulation. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are essential parts of gene regulation. These reactions are typically catalysed by enzymes with "histone acetyltransferase" (HAT) or "histone deacetylase" (HDAC) activity. Acetylation is the process where an acetyl functional group is transferred from one molecule (in this case, acetyl coenzyme A) to another.
Thérapie géniquedroite|vignette|340px|Thérapie génique à base d'un vecteur adénovirus (virothérapie). Un nouveau gène est inséré dans un vecteur dérivé d'un adénovirus, lequel est utilisé pour introduire l'ADN modifié dans une cellule humaine. Si le transfert se déroule correctement, le nouveau gène élaborera une protéine fonctionnelle qui pourra alors exprimer son potentiel thérapeutique. vignette|upright=1.5 La thérapie génique ou génothérapie est une stratégie thérapeutique qui consiste à faire pénétrer des gènes dans les cellules ou les tissus d'un individu pour traiter une maladie.
Genome evolutionGenome evolution is the process by which a genome changes in structure (sequence) or size over time. The study of genome evolution involves multiple fields such as structural analysis of the genome, the study of genomic parasites, gene and ancient genome duplications, polyploidy, and comparative genomics. Genome evolution is a constantly changing and evolving field due to the steadily growing number of sequenced genomes, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, available to the scientific community and the public at large.
CREB-binding protein'CREB-binding protein', also known as CREBBP or CBP or KAT3A, (where CREB is cAMP response element-binding protein) is a coactivator encoded by the CREBBP gene in humans, located on chromosome 16p13.3. CBP has intrinsic acetyltransferase functions; it is able to add acetyl groups to both transcription factors as well as histone lysines, the latter of which has been shown to alter chromatin structure making genes more accessible for transcription. This relatively unique acetyltransferase activity is also seen in another transcription enzyme, EP300 (p300).
Transcription factor JunTranscription factor Jun is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUN gene. c-Jun, in combination with protein c-Fos, forms the AP-1 early response transcription factor. It was first identified as the Fos-binding protein p39 and only later rediscovered as the product of the JUN gene. c-jun was the first oncogenic transcription factor discovered. The proto-oncogene c-Jun is the cellular homolog of the viral oncoprotein v-jun (). The viral homolog v-jun was discovered in avian sarcoma virus 17 and was named for ju-nana, the Japanese word for 17.
Schizosaccharomyces pombeSchizosaccharomyces pombe appartient à la classe des champignons ascomycètes. Il s'agit d'une une espèce de levure particulière, aussi appelée « levure à fission », qui présente la particularité de se reproduire en se divisant, à partir de la cellule mère, en deux cellules filles de taille identique. Elle est utilisée comme un organisme modèle en biologie cellulaire et moléculaire qui permet de comprendre des organismes plus complexes. Elle est partiellement domestiquée, notamment pour faire des bières (pombe signifie bière en Swahili).
Corégulateur transcriptionnelIn molecular biology and genetics, transcription coregulators are proteins that interact with transcription factors to either activate or repress the transcription of specific genes. Transcription coregulators that activate gene transcription are referred to as coactivators while those that repress are known as corepressors. The mechanism of action of transcription coregulators is to modify chromatin structure and thereby make the associated DNA more or less accessible to transcription.
