Cancer du seinLe 'cancer du sein' est un cancer de la glande mammaire. Autrement dit, c'est un cancer qui naît dans les unités cellulaires dont la fonction est de sécréter le lait, les unités ducto-lobulaires du sein, essentiellement chez la femme. Huit cancers du sein sur dix se déclarent après 50 ans. Premier cancer dans le monde, il touche, en 2016, 1,8 million de femmes par an dans le monde, dont en France. On s'attend à ce qu'une femme sur huit reçoive un diagnostic de cancer du sein au cours de sa vie.
Breast cancer screeningBreast cancer screening is the medical screening of asymptomatic, apparently healthy women for breast cancer in an attempt to achieve an earlier diagnosis. The assumption is that early detection will improve outcomes. A number of screening tests have been employed, including clinical and self breast exams, mammography, genetic screening, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. A clinical or self breast exam involves feeling the breast for lumps or other abnormalities.
Breast cancer awarenessBreast cancer awareness is an effort to raise awareness and reduce the stigma of breast cancer through education about screening, symptoms, and treatment. Supporters hope that greater knowledge will lead to earlier detection of breast cancer, which is associated with higher long-term survival rates, and that money raised for breast cancer will produce a reliable, permanent cure. Breast cancer advocacy and awareness efforts are a type of health advocacy. Breast cancer advocates raise funds and lobby for better care, more knowledge, and more patient empowerment.
Metastatic breast cancerMetastatic breast cancer, also referred to as metastases, advanced breast cancer, secondary tumors, secondaries or stage IV breast cancer, is a stage of breast cancer where the breast cancer cells have spread to distant sites beyond the axillary lymph nodes. There is no cure for metastatic breast cancer; there is no stage after IV. Metastases can occur several years after the primary breast cancer, although it is sometimes diagnosed at the same time as the primary breast cancer or, rarely, before the primary breast cancer has been diagnosed.
Male breast cancerMale breast cancer (MBC) is a cancer in males that originates in their breasts. Males account for less than 1% of new breast cancers with about 20,000 new cases being diagnosed worldwide every year. Its incidence rates in males vs. females are, respectively, 0.4 and 66.7 per 100,000 person-years (person-years is the number of new cases divided by the product of the relevant population's size multiplied by the average number of years of observation, i.e. new cases ÷ [population × years]).
Hormonal therapy (oncology)Hormonal therapy in oncology is hormone therapy for cancer and is one of the major modalities of medical oncology (pharmacotherapy for cancer), others being cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapy (biotherapeutics). It involves the manipulation of the endocrine system through exogenous or external administration of specific hormones, particularly steroid hormones, or drugs which inhibit the production or activity of such hormones (hormone antagonists).
Métastase (médecine)Une métastase (du grec ancien : , de , « je change de place ») est, au sens large, une croissance cellulaire qui se produit à distance du site primaire de cette croissance et sans contact direct avec elle — cette définition inclut en principe les métastases infectieuses ou tumorales, qu’elles s’effectuent par voie hématogène ou lymphatique mais en clinique courante, l’usage du terme est restreint à la métastase cancéreuse.
HormonothérapieEn médecine, l'hormonothérapie est un traitement médicamenteux à base de différentes hormones parmi lesquelles les hormones de croissance et les hormones sexuelles, les hormones thyroïdiennes et bien d'autres molécules endogènes. Ce traitement visant en principe à remplacer la sécrétion d'une hormone, les termes hormonosubstitution ou traitement hormonal substitutif (THS) sont parfois utilisés pour le désigner.
Hormone replacement therapyHormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy or postmenopausal hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with female menopause. These symptoms can include hot flashes, vaginal atrophy, accelerated skin aging, vaginal dryness, decreased muscle mass, sexual dysfunction, and bone loss or osteoporosis. They are in large part related to the diminished levels of sex hormones that occur during menopause. Estrogens and progestogens are the main hormone drugs used in HRT.
Hormonal contraceptionHormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the endocrine system. Almost all methods are composed of steroid hormones, although in India one selective estrogen receptor modulator is marketed as a contraceptive. The original hormonal method—the combined oral contraceptive pill—was first marketed as a contraceptive in 1960. In the ensuing decades many other delivery methods have been developed, although the oral and injectable methods are by far the most popular.
Récepteur des œstrogènesLes récepteurs des œstrogènes (ER), et , sont des protéines de la superfamille des récepteurs nucléaires, famille des récepteurs des stéroïdes, liant naturellement les œstrogènes, qui sont les principales hormones stéroïdes sexuelles féminines dans l'organisme. Les récepteurs des œstrogènes furent initialement conceptualisés par Elwood V. Jensen à l'Université de Chicago à la fin des années 1950 ce qui lui valut d'être corécipiendaire du Prix Lasker en 2004. Il s'agissait à l'époque de la première identification d'un récepteur des hormones stéroïdes.
Endocrine diseaseEndocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system. The branch of medicine associated with endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology. Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups: Endocrine gland hypofunction/hyposecretion (leading to hormone deficiency) Endocrine gland hyperfunction/hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess) Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system.
Hormonosubstitution (dysphorie de genre)vignette|Seringue, parfois utilisée pour l'hormonosubstitution dans le cadre d'injections intramusculaires. L’hormonosubstitution, thérapie hormonale substitutive ou encore hormonothérapie est un traitement hormonal médical traitement médical destiné à entraîner une féminisation ou une masculinisation du corps d'une personne trans, en influençant l'aspect des caractères sexuels secondaires. Sa mise en place se fait généralement sous la surveillance d'un professionnel de santé.
Selective estrogen receptor modulatorSelective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), also known as estrogen receptor agonist/antagonists (ERAAs), are a class of drugs that act on the estrogen receptor (ER). A characteristic that distinguishes these substances from pure ER agonists and antagonists (that is, full agonists and silent antagonists) is that their action is different in various tissues, thereby granting the possibility to selectively inhibit or stimulate estrogen-like action in various tissues.
Tumeur neuroendocrinienneLes tumeurs neuroendocriniennes ou tumeurs neuroendocrines (TNE) sont des tumeurs (néoplasmes) qui se forment à partir d'un développement désordonné de cellules du système endocrine (hormonal) et du système nerveux. Ces tumeurs particulières sont le plus souvent bénignes, mais quelques-unes sont malignes et peuvent facilement métastaser. La plupart se forment dans l'intestin et le poumon, mais on en trouve ailleurs dans le corps, sur les organes ayant des fonctions de glandes ou voisin ( pénis, voisin du testicule).
Dépistage des cancers en médecine généraleLes dépistages ont une très grande importance dans la prévention de certains cancers. Ils permettent un diagnostic plus précoce de la tumeur et par conséquent, la mortalité, les douleurs, et les traitements parfois lourds, tels que les chimiothérapies, peuvent parfois ainsi être évités ou réduits. Le plus souvent, ce n'est pas la douleur qui permet de déceler un cancer : une tumeur n'est en elle-même pas douloureuse. C'est un groupement anarchique de cellules inorganisées.
High-dose estrogen therapyHigh-dose estrogen therapy (HDE) is a type of hormone therapy in which high doses of estrogens are given. When given in combination with a high dose of progestogen, it has been referred to as pseudopregnancy. It is called this because the estrogen and progestogen levels achieved are in the range of the very high levels of these hormones that occur during pregnancy. HDE and pseudopregnancy have been used in medicine for a number of hormone-dependent indications, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, and endometriosis, among others.
Estrogen (medication)An estrogen (E) is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy, and as part of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. They can also be used in the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers like breast cancer and prostate cancer and for various other indications. Estrogens are used alone or in combination with progestogens. They are available in a wide variety of formulations and for use by many different routes of administration.
Invasive carcinoma of no special typeInvasive carcinoma of no special type (NST) is also referred to as invasive ductal carcinoma or infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS). Each of these terms represents to the same disease entity, but for international audiences this article will use invasive carcinoma NST because it is the preferred term of the World Health Organization (WHO). Invasive carcinoma NST accounts for half of all breast cancer diagnoses in women and is the most common type of invasive breast cancer.
Breast cancer classificationBreast cancer classification divides breast cancer into categories according to different schemes criteria and serving a different purpose. The major categories are the histopathological type, the grade of the tumor, the stage of the tumor, and the expression of proteins and genes. As knowledge of cancer cell biology develops these classifications are updated. The purpose of classification is to select the best treatment. The effectiveness of a specific treatment is demonstrated for a specific breast cancer (usually by randomized, controlled trials).
