PharmacodépendanceLa pharmacodépendance est un état psychique et parfois physique, résultant de l'interaction entre un organisme vivant et une substance, caractérisé par des réponses comportementales et autres qui comportent toujours une compulsion à prendre la substance de façon continue ou périodique afin d'en ressentir de nouveau ses effets psychiques (perçus comme agréables) et parfois pour éviter l'inconfort de son absence (ou "manque"). (Syndrome de sevrage) La compulsion est une pulsion irrésistible à accomplir un acte : contre sa raison et contre sa volonté.
Alcohol dependenceAlcohol dependence is a previous (DSM-IV and ICD-10) psychiatric diagnosis in which an individual is physically or psychologically dependent upon alcohol (also chemically known as ethanol). In 2013, it was reclassified as alcohol use disorder in DSM-5, which combined alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse into this diagnosis.
Cocaine dependenceCocaine dependence is a neurological disorder that is characterized by withdrawal symptoms upon cessation from cocaine use. It also often coincides with cocaine addiction which is a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of cocaine and/or crack despite substantial harm and adverse consequences. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., abbreviated DSM-5), classifies problematic cocaine use as a "Stimulant use disorder". The International Classification of Diseases (11th rev.
Neutral particle oscillationIn particle physics, neutral particle oscillation is the transmutation of a particle with zero electric charge into another neutral particle due to a change of a non-zero internal quantum number, via an interaction that does not conserve that quantum number. Neutral particle oscillations were first investigated in 1954 by Murray Gell-mann and Abraham Pais. For example, a neutron cannot transmute into an antineutron as that would violate the conservation of baryon number.
Multilevel modelMultilevel models (also known as hierarchical linear models, linear mixed-effect model, mixed models, nested data models, random coefficient, random-effects models, random parameter models, or split-plot designs) are statistical models of parameters that vary at more than one level. An example could be a model of student performance that contains measures for individual students as well as measures for classrooms within which the students are grouped.
Violation de CPEn physique des particules, la violation de CP est une violation de la symétrie CP, c'est-à-dire de la combinaison de la symétrie C (symétrie de conjugaison de charge) et de la symétrie P (symétrie de parité). La symétrie CP indique que les lois de la physique devraient être les mêmes si une particule est échangée avec son antiparticule (symétrie C) tandis que ses coordonnées spatiales sont inversées (symétrie P, ou « miroir »).
