Calcul des structures et modélisationLe calcul des structures et la modélisation concernent deux domaines distincts : d'une part les applications spécifiques au patrimoine architectural, mobilier et naturel et d'autre part les applications industrielles. Le calcul des structures et leur modélisation est utilisé dans les domaines : de la conservation et mise en valeur du patrimoine architectural, mobilier et naturel, dans le cadre de missions d’assistance à la maître d’œuvre ou au maître d’ouvrage permettant d’arrêter un programme de travaux, d’applications industrielles.
Peephole optimizationPeephole optimization is an optimization technique performed on a small set of compiler-generated instructions; the small set is known as the peephole or window. Peephole optimization involves changing the small set of instructions to an equivalent set that has better performance.
ZielA goal or objective is an idea of the future or desired result that a person or a group of people envision, plan and commit to achieve. People endeavour to reach goals within a finite time by setting deadlines. A goal is roughly similar to a purpose or aim, the anticipated result which guides reaction, or an end, which is an object, either a physical object or an abstract object, that has intrinsic value. Goal setting Goal-setting theory was formulated based on empirical research and has been called one of the most important theories in organizational psychology.
Empreinte carboneL'empreinte carbone ou le contenu carbone d'une activité humaine est une mesure des émissions de gaz à effet de serre d’origine anthropique, c'est-à-dire qui peuvent lui être imputées. Elle dépend des facteurs d'émission des intrants liés à cette activité et en particulier des facteurs d’émission associés aux sources d'énergies utilisées. Les facteurs d’émission associés aux sources d’énergie correspondent pour l'essentiel à des émissions de .
Embedded emissionsOne way of attributing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is to measure the embedded emissions of goods that are being consumed (also referred to as "embodied emissions", "embodied carbon emissions", or "embodied carbon"). This is different from the question of to what extent the policies of one country to reduce emissions affect emissions in other countries (the "spillover effect" and "carbon leakage" of an emissions reduction policy). The UNFCCC measures emissions according to production, rather than consumption.
Greenhouse gas inventoryGreenhouse gas inventories are emission inventories of greenhouse gas emissions that are developed for a variety of reasons. Scientists use inventories of natural and anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions as tools when developing atmospheric models. Policy makers use inventories to develop strategies and policies for emissions reductions and to track the progress of those policies. Regulatory agencies and corporations also rely on inventories to establish compliance records with allowable emission rates.
Greenhouse gas emissionsGreenhouse gas emissions (abbreviated as GHG emissions) from human activities strengthen the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. Carbon dioxide (), from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the US, although the United States has higher emissions per capita. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies.
Enseignement primaireL’enseignement primaire, ou l’école primaire, est dans plusieurs pays le premier degré de l’enseignement. Il permet notamment l'apprentissage de la lecture, de l'écriture et des bases de mathématiques. Les enfants entament leurs études primaires vers l’âge de et les achèvent vers l’âge de . Les écoles jouent un rôle majeur dans la socialisation des enfants, filles ou garçons, et dans le développement de leur appréciation du partage, de l'équité, du respect mutuel et de la coopération.
Constrained optimizationIn mathematical optimization, constrained optimization (in some contexts called constraint optimization) is the process of optimizing an objective function with respect to some variables in the presence of constraints on those variables. The objective function is either a cost function or energy function, which is to be minimized, or a reward function or utility function, which is to be maximized.
Structural integrity and failureStructural integrity and failure is an aspect of engineering that deals with the ability of a structure to support a designed structural load (weight, force, etc.) without breaking and includes the study of past structural failures in order to prevent failures in future designs. Structural integrity is the ability of an item—either a structural component or a structure consisting of many components—to hold together under a load, including its own weight, without breaking or deforming excessively.
Justice environnementaleLe concept de justice environnementale applique les théories de la justice au champ de l'environnement et de l'écologie. Il découle de la prise en compte de l'environnement et des services écosystémiques qu'il permet comme du « bien commun. » La justice environnementale peut aussi concerner les effets du dérèglement climatique ; dans ce contexte on parle parfois d'injustice et/ou de « justice climatique ».
Bayesian optimizationBayesian optimization is a sequential design strategy for global optimization of black-box functions that does not assume any functional forms. It is usually employed to optimize expensive-to-evaluate functions. The term is generally attributed to Jonas Mockus and is coined in his work from a series of publications on global optimization in the 1970s and 1980s. Bayesian optimization is typically used on problems of the form , where is a set of points, , which rely upon less than 20 dimensions (), and whose membership can easily be evaluated.
