SoudageLe soudage est un procédé d'assemblage permanent qui assure la continuité de la matière à assembler ; la soudure est le résultat obtenu (mais le terme est souvent utilisé pour le procédé). Cette continuité est ce qui distingue le soudage d'autres techniques d'assemblage mécaniques (rivetage, boulonnage, ...) ou par adhésion (collage), ainsi que les techniques de brasage L'opération peut être appliquée aux métaux ainsi qu'aux matières thermoplastiques (voir Soudage de plastiques) et au bois (voir Soudage du bois).
Acier inoxydableL'acier inoxydable, couramment appelé acier inox ou inox, est un acier (alliage à base de fer et de carbone), comportant moins de 1,2 % de carbone et plus de 10,5 % de chrome, dont la propriété remarquable est d'être peu sensible à la corrosion et de ne pas se dégrader en rouille. La présence de chrome en solution au-delà de 10,5 % dans la matrice d'un acier provoque la formation d'une couche protectrice d'oxyde de chrome qui lui confère son inoxydabilité.
Ion beamAn ion beam is a type of charged particle beam consisting of ions. Ion beams have many uses in electronics manufacturing (principally ion implantation) and other industries. A variety of ion beam sources exists, some derived from the mercury vapor thrusters developed by NASA in the 1960s. The most common ion beams are of singly-charged ions. Ion current density is typically measured in mA/cm^2, and ion energy in eV.
Forge weldingForge welding (FOW), also called fire welding, is a solid-state welding process that joins two pieces of metal by heating them to a high temperature and then hammering them together. It may also consist of heating and forcing the metals together with presses or other means, creating enough pressure to cause plastic deformation at the weld surfaces. The process, although challenging, has been a method of joining metals used since ancient times and is a staple of traditional blacksmithing.
Law of demandIn microeconomics, the law of demand is a fundamental principle which states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. In other words, "conditional on all else being equal, as the price of a good increases (↑), quantity demanded will decrease (↓); conversely, as the price of a good decreases (↓), quantity demanded will increase (↑)". Alfred Marshall worded this as: "When we say that a person's demand for anything increases, we mean that he will buy more of it than he would before at the same price, and that he will buy as much of it as before at a higher price".
DemandIn economics, demand is the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices during a given time. The relationship between price and quantity demand is also called the demand curve. Demand for a specific item is a function of an item's perceived necessity, price, perceived quality, convenience, available alternatives, purchasers' disposable income and tastes, and many other options. Innumerable factors and circumstances affect a consumer's willingness or to buy a good.
Cross elasticity of demandIn economics, the cross (or cross-price) elasticity of demand measures the effect of changes in the price of one good on the quantity demanded of another good. This reflects the fact that the quantity demanded of good is dependent on not only its own price (price elasticity of demand) but also the price of other "related" good. The cross elasticity of demand is calculated as the ratio between the percentage change of the quantity demanded for a good and the percentage change in the price of another good, ceteris paribus:The sign of the cross elasticity indicates the relationship between two goods.
Soudage laservignette|Soudage laser avec robot industriel. Le soudage laser est une technique de soudage qui permet d'assembler plusieurs pièces de métal à l'aide d'un laser. Le faisceau est une source de chaleur extrêmement concentrée qui permet des soudages étroits, profonds, à une cadence rapide. Cette technique est souvent utilisée dans le cas de gros volumes de production comme l'industrie automobile.
Spot weldingSpot welding (or resistance spot welding) is a type of electric resistance welding used to weld various sheet metal products, through a process in which contacting metal surface points are joined by the heat obtained from resistance to electric current. The process uses two shaped copper alloy electrodes to concentrate welding current into a small "spot" and to simultaneously clamp the sheets together. Work-pieces are held together under pressure exerted by electrodes. Typically the sheets are in the thickness range.
Image resolutionImage resolution is the level of detail an holds. The term applies to digital images, film images, and other types of images. "Higher resolution" means more image detail. Image resolution can be measured in various ways. Resolution quantifies how close lines can be to each other and still be visibly resolved. Resolution units can be tied to physical sizes (e.g. lines per mm, lines per inch), to the overall size of a picture (lines per picture height, also known simply as lines, TV lines, or TVL), or to angular subtense.
Demand curveIn a demand schedule, a demand curve is a graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity (the y-axis) and the quantity of that commodity that is demanded at that price (the x-axis). Demand curves can be used either for the price-quantity relationship for an individual consumer (an individual demand curve), or for all consumers in a particular market (a market demand curve). It is generally assumed that demand curves slope down, as shown in the adjacent image.
Price elasticity of demandA good's price elasticity of demand (, PED) is a measure of how sensitive the quantity demanded is to its price. When the price rises, quantity demanded falls for almost any good, but it falls more for some than for others. The price elasticity gives the percentage change in quantity demanded when there is a one percent increase in price, holding everything else constant. If the elasticity is −2, that means a one percent price rise leads to a two percent decline in quantity demanded.
Ion sourceAn ion source is a device that creates atomic and molecular ions. Ion sources are used to form ions for mass spectrometers, optical emission spectrometers, particle accelerators, ion implanters and ion engines. Electron ionization Electron ionization is widely used in mass spectrometry, particularly for organic molecules. The gas phase reaction producing electron ionization is M{} + e^- -> M^{+\bullet}{} + 2e^- where M is the atom or molecule being ionized, e^- is the electron, and M^{+\bullet} is the resulting ion.
Acier au carboneL’acier au carbone est un acier dont le principal composant d'alliage est le carbone, entre 0,12 et 2,0 %, les autres éléments d'alliages étant en quantité très faible. Plus la teneur en carbone est élevée, plus la résistance mécanique de l'acier peut être augmentée par traitement thermique, au détriment de sa ductilité. L'acier au carbone est un acier qui contient du carbone comme principal alliage. Il est solide, résistant et peu coûteux, mais il rouille facilement. L'acier inoxydable, quant à lui, contient principalement du chrome et de nickel.
Pouvoir de résolutionLe pouvoir de résolution, ou pouvoir de séparation, pouvoir séparateur, résolution spatiale, résolution angulaire, exprime la capacité d'un système optique de mesure ou d'observation – les microscopes, les télescopes ou l'œil, mais aussi certains détecteurs, particulièrement ceux utilisés en – à distinguer les détails. Il peut être caractérisé par l'angle ou la distance minimal(e) qui doit séparer deux points contigus pour qu'ils soient correctement discernés.
Soudage TIGvignette|Soudage à l'arc TIG Le soudage TIG est un procédé de soudage à l'arc avec une électrode non fusible, en présence d'un métal d'apport si besoin. TIG est un acronyme de Tungsten Inert Gas, où Tungsten (Tungstène) désigne l'électrode et Inert Gas (Gaz inerte) le type de gaz plasmagène utilisé. L'arc électrique se crée entre l'électrode et la pièce à souder qui est protégée par un gaz ou un mélange de gaz rares tels que l'argon et l'hélium. De fait, l’arc électrique remplace la flamme du chalumeau traditionnel.
Offre et demandeL'offre et la demande est un modèle économique de détermination des prix dans un marché. Notamment utilisé en microéconomie, ce modèle énonce que, certaines hypothèses étant respectées, le fonctionnement d'un marché permet au prix unitaire du bien vendu sur ce marché de varier jusqu'à ce que où la quantité demandée soit égale à la quantité fournie. Il résulte ainsi un équilibre économique entre le prix offert et la quantité demandée.
Arc weldingArc welding is a welding process that is used to join metal to metal by using electricity to create enough heat to melt metal, and the melted metals, when cool, result in a binding of the metals. It is a type of welding that uses a welding power supply to create an electric arc between a metal stick ("electrode") and the base material to melt the metals at the point of contact. Arc welding power supplies can deliver either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current to the work, while consumable or non-consumable electrodes are used.
Optical resolutionOptical resolution describes the ability of an imaging system to resolve detail, in the object that is being imaged. An imaging system may have many individual components, including one or more lenses, and/or recording and display components. Each of these contributes (given suitable design, and adequate alignment) to the optical resolution of the system; the environment in which the imaging is done often is a further important factor. Resolution depends on the distance between two distinguishable radiating points.
AcierUn acier est un alliage métallique constitué principalement de fer et de carbone. Il se distingue des fontes et des ferroalliages par sa teneur en carbone comprise entre 0,02 % et 2 % en masse. C’est essentiellement cette teneur en carbone qui confère à l'acier ses propriétés. Histoire de la production de l'acier L’Âge du fer se caractérise par l’adaptation du bas fourneau à la réduction du fer. Ce bas fourneau produit une loupe, un mélange hétérogène de fer, d’acier et de laitier, dont les meilleurs morceaux doivent être sélectionnés, puis cinglés pour en chasser le laitier.
