The upper limit of cardiorespiratory fitness associated with longevity: an update

In 2013, mortality reductions with improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) have been suggested to persist until 13 METs. More recently, accumulating evidence from large-scale studies suggests that mortality from all causes decreases with increasing CRF levels, apparently without upper limit of CRF. However, when baseline CRF is assessed in later life, upper limits of CRF decrease depending on the individual fitness level at baseline and the volume and intensity of physical activity performed during follow up. Consequently, both a CRF level as high as possible during early adulthood, achieved by appropriate exercise interventions, and a small CRF decline during later life, by continuation of regular physical activity, will help to optimize longevity.